Methods for the Administration of Certain VMAT2 Inhibitors

ABSTRACT

Provided are methods of administering a vesicular monoamine transport 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor chosen from valbenazine and (+)-α-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ol, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or isotopic variant thereof to a patient in need thereof wherein the patient is being treated with a strong cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inducer.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/451,605, filed Jan. 27, 2017, which is incorporated herein byreference for all purposes.

Dysregulation of dopaminergic systems is integral to several centralnervous system (CNS) disorders, including neurological and psychiatricdiseases and disorders. These neurological and psychiatric diseases anddisorders include hyperkinetic movement disorders, and conditions suchas schizophrenia and mood disorders. The transporter protein vesicularmonoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) plays an important role in presynapticdopamine release and regulates monoamine uptake from the cytoplasm tothe synaptic vesicle for storage and release.

Despite the advances that have been made in this field, there remains aneed for new therapeutic products useful to treatment of neurologicaland psychiatric diseases and disorders and other related diseases orconditions described herein. One such agent is valbenazine, which hasthe following chemical structure:

A formulation of valbenazine:4-toluenesulfonate (1:2) (referred toherein as “valbenazine ditosylate”) has been previously reported in theFDA approved drug label Ingrezza®.

The cytochrome P450 enzyme system (CYP450) is responsible for thebiotransformation of drugs from active substances to inactivemetabolites that can be excreted from the body. In addition, themetabolism of certain drugs by CYP450 can alter their PK profile andresult in sub-therapeutic plasma levels of those drugs over time.

There are more than 1500 known P450 sequences which are grouped intofamilies and subfamily. The cytochrome P450 gene superfamily is composedof at least 207 genes that have been named based on the evolutionaryrelationships of the cytochromes P450. For this nomenclature system, thesequences of all of the cytochrome P450 genes are compared, and thosecytochromes P450 that share at least 40% identity are defined as afamily (designated by CYP followed by a Roman or Arabic numeral, e.g.,CYP3), and further divided into subfamilies (designated by a capitalletter, e.g., CYP3A), which are comprised of those forms that are atleast 55% related by their deduced amino acid sequences. Finally, thegene for each individual form of cytochrome P450 is assigned an Arabicnumber (e.g., CYP3A4).

CYP3A isoenzyme is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily whichconstitutes up to 60% of the total human liver microsomal cytochromeP450 and has been found in alimentary passage of stomach and intestinesand livers. CYP3A has also been found in kidney epithelial cells,jejunal mucosa, and the lungs. CYP3A is one of the most abundantsubfamilies in cytochrome P450 superfamily.

At least five (5) forms of CYPs are found in human CYP3A subfamily, andthese forms are responsible for the metabolism of a large number ofstructurally diverse drugs. In non-induced individuals, CYP3A mayconstitute 15% of the P450 enzymes in the liver; in enterocytes, membersof the CYP3A subfamily constitute greater than 70% of the CYP-containingenzymes.

CYP3A is responsible for metabolism of a large number of drugs includingnifedipine, macrofide antibiotics including erythromycin andtroleandomycin, cyclosporin, FK506, teffenadine, tamoxifen, lidocaine,midazolam, triazolam, dapsone, diltiazem, lovastatin, quinidine,ethylestradiol, testosterone, and alfentanil. CYP3A is involved inerythromycin N-demethylation, cyclosporine oxidation, nifedipineoxidation, midazolam hydroxylation, testosterone 6-β-hydroxylation, andcortisol 6-β-hydroxylation. CYP3A has also been shown to be involved inboth bioactivation and detoxication pathways for several carcinogens invitro.

There is a significant, unmet need for methods for administering a VMAT2inhibitor, such as valbenazine or(+)-α-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ol,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or isotopic variant thereof,to a patient in need thereof, wherein the patient is also being treatedwith another substance which may interact with the VMAT2 inhibitor, suchas a CYP3A4 inducer. The present disclosure fulfills these and otherneeds, as evident in reference to the following disclosure.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Provided is a method of administering a vesicular monoamine transport 2(VMAT2) inhibitor chosen from valbenazine and(+)-α-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ol,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or isotopic variant thereof toa patient in need thereof, comprising: administering to the patient atherapeutically effective amount of the VMAT2 inhibitor and informingthe patient or a medical care worker that co-administration of a strongcytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inducer is not recommended.

Also provided is a method of administering a vesicular monoaminetransport 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor chosen from valbenazine and(+)-α-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ol,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or isotopic variant thereof toa patient in need thereof wherein the patient is being treated with astrong cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inducer, comprising: discontinuingtreatment of the strong CYP3A4 inducer and then administering the VMAT2inhibitor to the patient, thereby avoiding the use of the VMAT2inhibitor in combination with the strong CYP3A4 inducer.

These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent upon referenceto the following detailed description. To this end, various referencesare set forth herein which describe in more detail certain backgroundinformation, procedures, compounds, and/or compositions, and are eachhereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, certain specific details are set forth inorder to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments.However, one skilled in the art will understand that the invention maybe practiced without these details. In other instances, well-knownstructures have not been shown or described in detail to avoidunnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the embodiments. Unless thecontext requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claimswhich follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as,“comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusivesense, that is, as “including, but not limited to.” Further, headingsprovided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scopeor meaning of the claimed invention.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “anembodiment” or “some embodiments” or “a certain embodiment” means that aparticular feature, structure or characteristic described in connectionwith the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, theappearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” or“in some embodiments” or “in a certain embodiment” in various placesthroughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to thesame embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, orcharacteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or moreembodiments.

Also, as used in this specification and the appended claims, thesingular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless thecontent clearly dictates otherwise.

As used herein, “valbenazine” may be referred to as(S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester; or as L-Valine,(2R,3R,11bR)-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-9,10-dimethoxy-3-(2-methylpropyl)-2H-benzo[a]quinolizin-2-ylester or as NBI-98854.

As used herein, “(+)-α-HTBZ” means the compound which is an activemetabolite of valbenazine having the structure:

(+)-α-HTBZ may be referred to as (2R,3R, 11bR) or as (+)-α-DHTBZ or as(+)-α-HTBZ or as R,R,R-DHTBZ or as(+)-α-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ol;or as(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-olor as NBI-98782.

As used herein, “NBI-136110” means the compound which is a metabolite ofvalbenazine having the structure.

As used herein, “isotopic variant” means a compound that contains anunnatural proportion of an isotope at one or more of the atoms thatconstitute such a compound. In certain embodiments, an “isotopicvariant” of a compound contains unnatural proportions of one or moreisotopes, including, but not limited to, hydrogen (¹H), deuterium (²H),tritium (³H), carbon-11 (¹¹C), carbon-12 (¹²C), carbon-13 (¹³C),carbon-14 (¹⁴C) nitrogen-13 (¹³N), nitrogen-14 (¹⁴N), nitrogen-15 (¹⁵N),oxygen-14 (¹⁴O), oxygen-15 (¹⁵O), oxygen-16 (¹⁶O), oxygen-17 (¹⁷O),oxygen-18 (¹⁸O), fluorine-17 (¹⁷F), fluorine-18 (¹⁸F), phosphorus-31(³¹P), phosphorus-32 (³²P), phosphorus-33 (³³P), sulfur-32 (³²S),sulfur-33 (³³S), sulfur-34 (³⁴S), sulfur-35 (³⁵S), sulfur-36 (³⁶S),chlorine-35 (³⁵Cl), chlorine-36 (³⁶Cl), chlorine-37 (³⁷Cl), bromine-79(⁷⁹Br), bromine-81 (⁸¹Br), iodine-123 (¹²³1), iodine-125 (¹²⁵1),iodine-127 (¹²⁷1), iodine-129 (¹²⁹1), and iodine-131 (¹³¹4 In certainembodiments, an “isotopic variant” of a compound is in a stable form,that is, non-radioactive. In certain embodiments, an “isotopic variant”of a compound contains unnatural proportions of one or more isotopes,including, but not limited to, hydrogen (¹H), deuterium (²H), carbon-12(¹²C), carbon-13 (¹³C), nitrogen-14 (¹⁴N), nitrogen-15 (¹⁵N), oxygen-16(¹⁶O), oxygen-17 (¹⁷O), and oxygen-18 (¹⁸O). In certain embodiments, an“isotopic variant” of a compound is in an unstable form, that is,radioactive. In certain embodiments, an “isotopic variant” of a compoundcontains unnatural proportions of one or more isotopes, including, butnot limited to, tritium (³H), carbon-11 (¹¹C), carbon-14 (¹⁴C),nitrogen-13 (¹³N), oxygen-14 (¹⁴O), and oxygen-15 (¹⁵O). It will beunderstood that, in a compound as provided herein, any hydrogen can be²H, as example, or any carbon can be ¹³C, as example, or any nitrogencan be ¹⁵N, as example, and any oxygen can be ¹⁸O, as example, wherefeasible according to the judgment of one of skill in the art. Incertain embodiments, an “isotopic variant” of a compound contains anunnatural proportion of deuterium.

With regard to the compounds provided herein, when a particular atomicposition is designated as having deuterium or “D” or “d”, it isunderstood that the abundance of deuterium at that position issubstantially greater than the natural abundance of deuterium, which isabout 0.015%. A position designated as having deuterium typically has aminimum isotopic enrichment factor of, in certain embodiments, at least1000 (15% deuterium incorporation), at least 2000 (30% deuteriumincorporation), at least 3000 (45% deuterium incorporation), at least3500 (52.5% deuterium incorporation), at least 4000 (60% deuteriumincorporation), at least 4500 (67.5% deuterium incorporation), at least5000 (75% deuterium incorporation), at least 5500 (82.5% deuteriumincorporation), at least 6000 (90% deuterium incorporation), at least6333.3 (95% deuterium incorporation), at least 6466.7 (97% deuteriumincorporation), at least 6600 (99% deuterium incorporation), or at least6633.3 (99.5% deuterium incorporation) at each designated deuteriumposition. The isotopic enrichment of the compounds provided herein canbe determined using conventional analytical methods known to one ofordinary skill in the art, including mass spectrometry, nuclear magneticresonance spectroscopy, and crystallography.

As used herein, a substance is a “substrate” of enzyme activity when itcan be chemically transformed by action of the enzyme on the substance.Substrates can be either activated or deactivated by the enzyme.

“Enzyme activity” refers broadly to the specific activity of the enzyme(i.e., the rate at which the enzyme transforms a substrate per mg ormole of enzyme) as well as the metabolic effect of such transformations.

A substance is an “inhibitor” of enzyme activity when the specificactivity or the metabolic effect of the specific activity of the enzymecan be decreased by the presence of the substance, without reference tothe precise mechanism of such decrease. For example, a substance can bean inhibitor of enzyme activity by competitive, non-competitive,allosteric or other type of enzyme inhibition, by decreasing expressionof the enzyme, or other direct or indirect mechanisms. Co-administrationof a given drug with an inhibitor may decrease the rate of metabolism ofthat drug through the metabolic pathway listed.

A substance is an “inducer” of enzyme activity when the specificactivity or the metabolic effect of the specific activity of the enzymecan be increased by the presence of the substance, without reference tothe precise mechanism of such increase. For example, a substance can bean inducer of enzyme activity by increasing reaction rate, by increasingexpression of the enzyme, by allosteric activation or other direct orindirect mechanisms. Co-administration of a given drug with an enzymeinducer may increase the rate of excretion of the drug metabolizedthrough the pathway indicated.

Any of these effects on enzyme activity can occur at a givenconcentration of active agent in a single sample, donor, or patientwithout regard to clinical significance. It is possible for a substanceto be a substrate, inhibitor, or inducer of an enzyme activity. Forexample, the substance can be an inhibitor of enzyme activity by onemechanism and an inducer of enzyme activity by another mechanism. Thefunction (substrate, inhibitor, or inducer) of the substance withrespect to activity of an enzyme can depend on environmental conditions.

Lists of inhibitors, inducers and substrates for CYP3A4 can be found,for instance, at http://www.genemedrx.com/Cytochrome P450 MetabolismTable.php, and other sites andhttp://www.ildcare.eu/downloads/artseninfo/drugs_metabolized bycyp450s.pdf.

As used herein, a “strong CYP3A4 inducer” is a compound that decreasesthe area under the concentration time curve (AUC) of a sensitive indexsubstrate of the CYP3A4 pathway by ≥80%. Index substrates predictablyexhibit exposure increase due to inhibition or induction of a givenmetabolic pathway and are commonly used in prospective clinicaldrug-drug interaction studies. Sensitive index substrates are indexsubstrates that demonstrate an increase in AUC of ≥5-fold with strongindex inhibitors of a given metabolic pathway in clinical drug-druginteraction studies. Examples of sensitive index substrates for theCYP3A pathway are midazolam and triazolam. See, e.g., Drug Developmentand Drug Interactions: Table of Substrates, Inhibitor and Inducers athttps://www.fda.gov/drugs/developmentapprovalprocess/developmentresources/druginteractionslabeling/ucm093664.htm.

As used herein, “hyperkinetic disorder” or “hyperkinetic movementdisorder” or “hyperkinesias” refers to disorders or diseasescharacterized by excessive, abnormal, involuntary movements. Theseneurological disorders include tremor, dystonia, myoclonus, athetosis,Huntington's disease, tardive dyskinesia, Tourette syndrome, dystonia,hemiballismus, chorea, senile chorea, or tics.

As used herein, “tardive syndrome” encompasses but is not limited totardive dyskinesia, tardive dystonia, tardive akathisia, tardive tics,myoclonus, tremor and withdrawal-emergent syndrome. Tardive dyskinesiais characterized by rapid, repetitive, stereotypic, involuntarymovements of the face, limbs, or trunk.

As used herein, “about” means±20% of the stated value, and includes morespecifically values of ±10%, ±5%, ±2% and ±1% of the stated value.

As used herein, “AUC” refers to the area under the curve, or theintegral, of the plasma concentration of an active pharmaceuticalingredient or metabolite over time following a dosing event.

As used herein “AUC_(0-t)” is the integral under the plasmaconcentration curve from time 0 (dosing) to time “t”.

As used herein, “AUC_(0-∞).” is the AUC from time 0 (dosing) to timeinfinity. Unless otherwise stated, AUC refers to AUC_(0-∞). Often a drugis packaged in a salt form, for example valbenazine ditosylate, and thedosage form strength refers to the mass of this salt form or theequivalent mass of the corresponding free base, valbenazine.

As used herein, “C_(max)” is a pharmacokinetic parameter denoting themaximum observed blood plasma concentration following delivery of anactive pharmaceutical ingredient. C_(max) occurs at the time of maximumplasma concentration, t_(max).

As used herein, “co-administer” and “co-administration” and variantsthereof mean the administration of at least two drugs to a patienteither subsequently, simultaneously, or consequently proximate in timeto one another (e.g., within the same day, or week or period of 30 days,or sufficiently proximate that each of the at least two drugs can besimultaneously detected in the blood plasma). When co-administered, twoor more active agents can be co-formulated as part of the samecomposition or administered as separate formulations. This also may bereferred to herein as “concomitant” administration or variants thereof.

As used herein, “adjusting administration”, “altering administration”,“adjusting dosing”, or “altering dosing” are all equivalent and meantapering off, reducing or increasing the dose of the substance, ceasingto administer the substance to the patient, or substituting a differentactive agent for the substance.

As used herein, “administering to a patient” refers to the process ofintroducing a composition or dosage form into the patient via anart-recognized means of introduction.

As used herein the term “disorder” is intended to be generallysynonymous, and is used interchangeably with, the terms “disease,”“syndrome,” and “condition” (as in medical condition), in that allreflect an abnormal condition of the human or animal body or of one ofits parts that impairs normal functioning, is typically manifested bydistinguishing signs and symptoms.

As used herein, a “dose” means the measured quantity of an active agentto be taken at one time by a patient. In certain embodiments, whereinthe active agent is not valbenazine free base, the quantity is the molarequivalent to the corresponding amount of valbenazine free base. Forexample, often a drug is packaged in a pharmaceutically acceptable saltform, for example valbenazine ditosylate, and the dosage for strengthrefers to the mass of the molar equivalent of the corresponding freebase, valbenazine. As an example, 73 mg of valbenazine tosylate is themolar equivalent of 40 mg of valbenazine free base.

As used herein, “dosing regimen” means the dose of an active agent takenat a first time by a patient and the interval (time or symptomatic) atwhich any subsequent doses of the active agent are taken by the patientsuch as from about 20 to about 160 mg once daily, e.g., about 20, about40, about 60, about 80, about 100, about 120, or about 160 mg oncedaily. The additional doses of the active agent can be different fromthe dose taken at the first time.

As used herein, “effective amount” and “therapeutically effectiveamount” of an agent, compound, drug, composition or combination is anamount which is nontoxic and effective for producing some desiredtherapeutic effect upon administration to a subject or patient (e.g., ahuman subject or patient). The precise therapeutically effective amountfor a subject may depend upon, e.g., the subject's size and health, thenature and extent of the condition, the therapeutics or combination oftherapeutics selected for administration, and other variables known tothose of skill in the art. The effective amount for a given situation isdetermined by routine experimentation and is within the judgment of theclinician.

As used herein, “informing” means referring to or providing publishedmaterial, for example, providing an active agent with published materialto a user; or presenting information orally, for example, bypresentation at a seminar, conference, or other educationalpresentation, by conversation between a pharmaceutical salesrepresentative and a medical care worker, or by conversation between amedical care worker and a patient; or demonstrating the intendedinformation to a user for the purpose of comprehension.

As used herein, “labeling” means all labels or other means of written,printed, graphic, electronic, verbal, or demonstrative communicationthat is upon a pharmaceutical product or a dosage form or accompanyingsuch pharmaceutical product or dosage form.

As used herein, “a “medical care worker” means a worker in the healthcare field who may need or utilize information regarding an activeagent, including a dosage form thereof, including information on safety,efficacy, dosing, administration, or pharmacokinetics. Examples ofmedical care workers include physicians, pharmacists, physician'sassistants, nurses, aides, caretakers (which can include family membersor guardians), emergency medical workers, and veterinarians.

As used herein, “Medication Guide” means an FDA-approved patientlabeling for a pharmaceutical product conforming to the specificationsset forth in 21 CFR 208 and other applicable regulations which containsinformation for patients on how to safely use a pharmaceutical product.A medication guide is scientifically accurate and is based on, and doesnot conflict with, the approved professional labeling for thepharmaceutical product under 21 CFR 201.57, but the language need not beidentical to the sections of approved labeling to which it corresponds.A medication guide is typically available for a pharmaceutical productwith special risk management information.

As used herein, “patient” or “individual” or “subject” means a mammal,including a human, for whom or which therapy is desired, and generallyrefers to the recipient of the therapy.

As used herein, “patient package insert” means information for patientson how to safely use a pharmaceutical product that is part of theFDA-approved labeling. It is an extension of the professional labelingfor a pharmaceutical product that may be distributed to a patient whenthe product is dispensed which provides consumer-oriented informationabout the product in lay language, for example it may describe benefits,risks, how to recognize risks, dosage, or administration.

As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to a material thatis not biologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the material may beincorporated into a pharmaceutical composition administered to a patientwithout causing any undesirable biological effects or interacting in adeleterious manner with any of the other components of the compositionin which it is contained. When the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” isused to refer to a pharmaceutical carrier or excipient, it is impliedthat the carrier or excipient has met the required standards oftoxicological and manufacturing testing or that it is included on theInactive Ingredient Guide prepared by the U.S. Food and Drugadministration. “Pharmacologically active” (or simply “active”) as in a“pharmacologically active” (or “active”) derivative or analog, refers toa derivative or analog having the same type of pharmacological activityas the parent compound and approximately equivalent in degree. The term“pharmaceutically acceptable salts” include acid addition salts whichare formed with inorganic acids such as, for example, hydrochloric orphosphoric acids, or such organic acids as acetic, oxalic, tartaric,mandelic, and the like. Salts formed with the free carboxyl groups canalso be derived from inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium,potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides, and such organicbases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, histidine, procaine and thelike.

As used herein, a “product” or “pharmaceutical product” means a dosageform of an active agent plus published material, and optionallypackaging.

As used herein, “product insert” means the professional labeling(prescribing information) for a pharmaceutical product, a patientpackage insert for the pharmaceutical product, or a medication guide forthe pharmaceutical product.

As used herein, “professional labeling” or “prescribing information”means the official description of a pharmaceutical product approved by aregulatory agency (e.g., FDA or EMEA) regulating marketing of thepharmaceutical product, which includes a summary of the essentialscientific information needed for the safe and effective use of thedrug, such as, for example indication and usage; dosage andadministration; who should take it; adverse events (side effects);instructions for use in special populations (pregnant women, children,geriatric, etc.); safety information for the patient, and the like.

As used herein, “published material” means a medium providinginformation, including printed, audio, visual, or electronic medium, forexample a flyer, an advertisement, a product insert, printed labeling,an internet web site, an internet web page, an internet pop-up window, aradio or television broadcast, a compact disk, a DVD, an audiorecording, or other recording or electronic medium.

As used herein, “risk” means the probability or chance of adversereaction, injury, or other undesirable outcome arising from a medicaltreatment. An “acceptable risk” means a measure of the risk of harm,injury, or disease arising from a medical treatment that will betolerated by an individual or group. Whether a risk is “acceptable” willdepend upon the advantages that the individual or group perceives to beobtainable in return for taking the risk, whether they accept whateverscientific and other advice is offered about the magnitude of the risk,and numerous other factors, both political and social. An “acceptablerisk” of an adverse reaction means that an individual or a group insociety is willing to take or be subjected to the risk that the adversereaction might occur since the adverse reaction is one whose probabilityof occurrence is small, or whose consequences are so slight, or thebenefits (perceived or real) of the active agent are so great. An“unacceptable risk” of an adverse reaction means that an individual or agroup in society is unwilling to take or be subjected to the risk thatthe adverse reaction might occur upon weighing the probability ofoccurrence of the adverse reaction, the consequences of the adversereaction, and the benefits (perceived or real) of the active agent. “Atrisk” means in a state or condition marked by a high level of risk orsusceptibility. Risk assessment consists of identifying andcharacterizing the nature, frequency, and severity of the risksassociated with the use of a product.

As used herein, “safety” means the incidence or severity of adverseevents associated with administration of an active agent, includingadverse effects associated with patient-related factors (e.g., age,gender, ethnicity, race, target illness, abnormalities of renal orhepatic function, co-morbid illnesses, genetic characteristics such asmetabolic status, or environment) and active agent-related factors(e.g., dose, plasma level, duration of exposure, or concomitantmedication).

As used herein, “t_(max)” is a pharmacokinetic parameter denoting thetime to maximum blood plasma concentration following delivery of anactive pharmaceutical ingredient

As used herein, “t_(1/2)” or “plasma half-life” or “eliminationhalf-life” or the like is a pharmacokinetic parameter denoting theapparent plasma terminal phase half-life, i.e., the time, afterabsorption and distribution of a drug is complete, for the plasmaconcentration to fall by half.

As used herein, “treating” or “treatment” refers to therapeuticapplications to slow or stop progression of a disorder, prophylacticapplication to prevent development of a disorder, and/or reversal of adisorder. Reversal of a disorder differs from a therapeutic applicationwhich slows or stops a disorder in that with a method of reversing, notonly is progression of a disorder completely stopped, cellular behavioris moved to some degree, toward a normal state that would be observed inthe absence of the disorder.

As used herein, “VMAT2” refers to human vesicular monoamine transporterisoform 2, an integral membrane protein that acts to transportmonoamines, particularly neurotransmitters such as dopamine,norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine, from cellular cytosol intosynaptic vesicles.

As used herein, the term “VMAT2 inhibitor”, “inhibit VMAT2”, or“inhibition of VMAT2” refers to the ability of a compound disclosedherein to alter the function of VMAT2. A VMAT2 inhibitor may block orreduce the activity of VMAT2 by forming a reversible or irreversiblecovalent bond between the inhibitor and VMAT2 or through formation of anoncovalently bound complex. Such inhibition may be manifest only inparticular cell types or may be contingent on a particular biologicalevent. The term “VMAT2 inhibitor”, “inhibit VMAT2”, or “inhibition ofVMAT2” also refers to altering the function of VMAT2 by decreasing theprobability that a complex forms between a VMAT2 and a naturalsubstrate.

Provided is a method of administering a vesicular monoamine transport 2(VMAT2) inhibitor chosen from valbenazine and(+)-α-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ol,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or isotopic variant thereof toa patient in need thereof, comprising: administering to the patient atherapeutically effective amount of the VMAT2 inhibitor and informingthe patient or a medical care worker that co-administration of a strongcytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inducer is not recommended.

In certain embodiments, the method further comprises determining whetherthe patient is being administered a strong CYP3A4 inducer.

In certain embodiments, the patient or medical care worker is informedthat co-administration of the strong CYP3A4 inducer should be avoided ordiscontinued.

Also provided is a method of administering a vesicular monoaminetransport 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor chosen from valbenazine and(+)-α-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ol,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or isotopic variant thereof toa patient in need thereof wherein the patient is being treated with astrong cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inducer, comprising: discontinuingtreatment of the strong CYP3A4 inducer and then administering the VMAT2inhibitor to the patient, thereby avoiding the use of the VMAT2inhibitor in combination with the strong CYP3A4 inducer.

In certain embodiments, the strong CYP3A4 inducer is chosen fromnevirapine, pentobarbital, phenytoin, lumacaftor, rifabutin, rifampicin,carbamazepine, fosphenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, primidone,enzalutamide, mitotane, and St. John's Wort. In certain embodiments, thestrong CYP3A4 inducer is chosen from rifampicin, carbamazepine,phenytoin, and St. John's Wort. In certain embodiments, the strongCYP3A4 inducer is rifampicin.

In certain embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is administered to thepatient to treat a neurological or psychiatric disease or disorder.

In certain embodiments, the neurological or psychiatric disease ordisorder is a hyperkinetic movement disorder, mood disorder, bipolardisorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, mania in mooddisorder, depression in mood disorder, treatment-refractory obsessivecompulsive disorder, neurological dysfunction associated withLesch-Nyhan syndrome, agitation associated with Alzheimer's disease,Fragile X syndrome or Fragile X-associated tremor-ataxia syndrome,autism spectrum disorder, Rett syndrome, or chorea-acanthocytosis.

In certain embodiments, the neurological or psychiatric disease ordisorder is a hyperkinetic movement disorder. In certain embodiments,the hyperkinetic movement disorder is tardive dyskinesia. In certainembodiments, the hyperkinetic movement disorder is Tourette's syndrome.In certain embodiments, the hyperkinetic movement disorder isHuntington's disease. In certain embodiments, the hyperkinetic movementdisorder is tics. In certain embodiments, hyperkinetic movement disorderis chorea associated with Huntington's disease. In certain embodiments,the hyperkinetic movement disorder is ataxia, chorea, dystonia,Huntington's disease, myoclonus, restless leg syndrome, or tremors.

In certain embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is administered orally.

In certain embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is administered in the formof a tablet or capsule.

In certain embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is administered with orwithout food.

In certain embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is valbenazine or apharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or isotopic variant thereof. Incertain embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is valbenazine or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, theVMAT2 inhibitor is a valbenazine tosylate salt. In certain embodiments,the VMAT2 inhibitor is a ditosylate salt of valbenazine. In certainembodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is an isotopic variant that isL-Valine,(2R,3R,11bR)-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-9,10-di(methoxy-d₃)-3-(2-methylpropyl)-2H-benzo[a]quinolizin-2-ylester or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In certain embodiments the VMAT2 inhibitor is(+)-α-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ol,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or isotopic variant thereof.In certain embodiments the VMAT2 inhibitor is(+)-α-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ol,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodimentsthe VMAT2 inhibitor is an isotopic variant that is(+)-α-3-isobutyl-9,10-di(methoxy-d₃)-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-olor a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In certain embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is administered in an amountequivalent to between about 20 mg and about 160 mg of valbenazine freebase. In certain embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is administered in anamount equivalent to about 20 mg of valbenazine free base. In certainembodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is administered in an amount equivalentto about 40 mg of valbenazine free base. In certain embodiments, theVMAT2 inhibitor is administered in an amount equivalent to about 60 mgof valbenazine free base. In certain embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor isadministered in an amount equivalent to about 80 mg of valbenazine freebase. In certain embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is administered in anamount equivalent to about 120 mg of valbenazine free base. In certainembodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is administered in an amount equivalentto about 160 mg of valbenazine free base.

In certain embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is administered for a firstperiod of time in a first amount and then the amount is increased to asecond amount. In certain embodiments, the first period of time is aweek. In certain embodiments, the first amount is equivalent to about 40mg of valbenazine free base. In certain embodiments, the second amountis equivalent to about 80 mg of valbenazine free base.

In certain embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is administered in an amountsufficient to achieve a maximal blood plasma concentration (C_(max)) of(+)-α-DHTBZ of between about 15 ng to about 60 ng per mL plasma and aminimal blood plasma concentration (C_(min)) of (+)-α-DHTBZ of at least15 ng per mL plasma over an 8 hour period.

In certain embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is administered in an amountsufficient to achieve a maximal blood plasma concentration (C_(max)) of(+)-α-DHTBZ of between about 15 ng to about 60 ng per mL plasma and aminimal blood plasma concentration (C_(min)) of approximately betweenabout at least 33%-50% of the C_(max) over a 12 hour period.

In certain embodiments, the VMAT2 inhibitor is administered in an amountsufficient to achieve: (i) a therapeutic concentration range of about 15ng to about 60 ng of (+)-α-DHTBZ per mL plasma; and (ii) a thresholdconcentration of at least 15 ng (+)-α-DHTBZ per mL plasma over a periodof about 8 hours to about 24 hours.

In certain embodiments, a method for treating neurological orpsychiatric disease or disorders is provided herein that comprisesadministering to a subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising theVMAT2 inhibitor, in an amount sufficient to achieve a maximal bloodplasma concentration (C_(max)) of R,R,R-DHTBZ of between about 15 ng toabout 60 ng per mL plasma and a minimal blood plasma concentration(C_(min)) of R,R,R-DHTBZ of at least 15 ng per mL plasma over an 8 hourperiod.

In certain embodiments, the C_(max) of R,R,R-DHTBZ is about 15 ng/mL,about 20 ng/mL, about 25 ng/mL, about 30 ng/mL, about 35 ng/mL, about 40ng/mL, about 45 ng/mL, about 50 ng/mL, about 55 ng/mL or about 60 ng/mLplasma. In certain embodiments, the C_(min) of R,R,R-DHTBZ is at least15 ng/mL, at least 20 ng/mL, at least 25 ng/mL, at least 30 ng/mL, or atleast 35 ng/mL plasma, over a period of 8 hrs, 12 hrs, 16 hrs, 20 hrs,24 hrs, 28 hrs, or 32 hrs. In certain embodiments, the C_(min) ofR,R,R-DHTBZ is between about 15 ng/mL to about 35 ng/mL.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administeredin an amount sufficient to provide a C_(max) of R,R,R-DHTBZ of about 15ng/mL to about 60 ng/mL plasma and a C_(min) of approximately at least33% of the C_(max) over a 24 hour period. In certain embodiments, thepharmaceutical composition is administered in an amount sufficient toprovide a C_(max) of R,R,R-DHTBZ of about 15 ng/mL to about 60 ng/mLplasma and a C_(min) of approximately at least 50% of the C_(max) over a24 hour period. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositionis administered in an amount sufficient to provide a C_(max) ofR,R,R-DHTBZ of about 15 ng/mL to about 60 ng/mL plasma and a C_(min) ofapproximately between about at least 33%-50% of the C_(max) over a 24hour period.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administeredin an amount sufficient to provide a C_(max) of R,R,R-DHTBZ of about 15ng/mL to about 60 ng/mL plasma and a C_(min) of approximately at least33% of the C_(max) over a 12 hour period. In certain embodiments, thepharmaceutical composition is administered in an amount sufficient toprovide a C_(max) of R,R,R-DHTBZ of about 15 ng/mL to about 60 ng/mLplasma and a C_(min) of approximately at least 50% of the C_(max) over a12 hour period. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositionis administered in an amount sufficient to provide a C_(max) ofR,R,R-DHTBZ of about 15 ng/mL to about 60 ng/mL plasma and a C_(min) ofapproximately between about at least 33%-50% of the C_(max) over a 12hour period.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administeredto a subject in an amount that provides a C_(max) of R,R,R-DHTBZ ofabout 15 ng/mL to about 60 ng/mL plasma and a C_(min) of between about 5ng/mL to about 30 ng/mL plasma over a 24 hour period. In certainembodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to a subjectin an amount that provides a C_(max) of R,R,R-DHTBZ of about 15 ng/mL toabout 60 ng/mL plasma and a C_(min) of between about 7.5 ng/mL to about30 ng/mL plasma over a 24 hour period.

In certain embodiments, a method for treating neurological orpsychiatric disease or disorders is provided herein that comprisesadministering to a subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising theVMAT2 inhibitor, as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, in an amountsufficient to provide: (i) a therapeutic concentration range of about 15ng to about 60 ng of R,R,R-DHTBZ per mL plasma; and (ii) a thresholdconcentration of at least 15 ng R,R,R-DHTBZ per mL plasma over a periodof about 8 hours to about 24 hours.

In certain embodiments, the therapeutic concentration range is about 15ng to about 35 ng, to about 40 ng, to about 45 ng, to about 50 ng, or toabout 55 ng R,R,R-DHTBZ per mL plasma.

In certain embodiments, the threshold concentration of R,R,R-DHTBZ isabout 15 ng/mL, about 20 ng/mL, about 25 ng/mL, about 30 ng/mL, about 35ng/mL, about 40 ng/mL, about 45 ng/mL, about 50 ng/mL, about 55 ng/mL orabout 60 ng/mL plasma, over a period of about 8 hrs, about 12 hrs, about16 hrs, about 20 hrs, about 24 hrs, about 28 hrs, or about 32 hrs. Incertain embodiments, the threshold concentration of R,R,R-DHTBZ isbetween about 15 ng/mL to about 35 ng/mL over a period of about 8 hoursto about 24 hours.

Plasma concentrations may be measured by methods known in the art andgenerally by tandem mass spectroscopy.

Also provided is a vesicular monoamine transport 2 (VMAT2) inhibitorchosen from valbenazine and(+)-α-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ol,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or isotopic variant thereof,for use in a method of treating a neurological or psychiatric disease ordisorder in a patient in need thereof wherein the patient has previouslybeen determined to have discontinued treatment of a strong CYP3A4inducer, comprising: administering to the patient a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the VMAT2 inhibitor.

Also provided is a vesicular monoamine transport 2 (VMAT2) inhibitorchosen from valbenazine and(+)-α-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ol,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or isotopic variant thereof,for use in a method of treating a neurological or psychiatric disease ordisorder in a patient in need thereof, comprising: determining if thepatient is being administered a strong CYP3A4 inducer, selecting thepatient for treatment where the patient is not being administered astrong CYP3A4 inducer, and administering to the selected patient atherapeutically effective amount of the VMAT2 inhibitor.

Also provided is a vesicular monoamine transport 2 (VMAT2) inhibitorchosen from valbenazine and(+)-α-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ol,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or isotopic variant thereof,for use in a method of treating a neurological or psychiatric disease ordisorder in a patient in need thereof, comprising: administering to thepatient a therapeutically effective amount of the VMAT2 inhibitor,subsequently determining whether the patient is being administered astrong CYP3A4 inducer, selecting the patient for treatment where thepatient is not being administered a strong CYP3A4 inducer, andadministering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of theVMAT2 inhibitor.

Valbenazine can be prepared according to U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,039,627 and8,357,697, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety. Tetrabenazine may be administered by avariety of methods including the formulations disclosed in PCTPublications WO 2010/018408, WO 2011/019956, and WO 2014/047167, thedisclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety. In certain embodiments, the valbenazine for use in thecompositions and methods provided herein is in polymorphic Form I asdisclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 15/338,214, the disclosure of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

Also provided is a composition for treating a patient in need of avesicular monoamine transport 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor chosen fromvalbenazine and(+)-α-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ol,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or isotopic variant thereof,comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the VMAT2 inhibitor,wherein the patient or a medical care worker is informed thatco-administration of a strong cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inducer isnot recommended.

In certain embodiments, the patient or medical care worker is informedthat co-administration of the strong CYP3A4 inducer should be avoided ordiscontinued.

Also provided is a composition for treating a patient in need of avesicular monoamine transport 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor chosen fromvalbenazine and(+)-α-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ol,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or isotopic variant thereof,and being treated with a strong cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inducer,comprising the VMAT2 inhibitor, wherein treatment of the strong CYP3A4inducer is discontinued prior to administration of the composition tothe patient, thereby avoiding the use of the composition in combinationwith the strong CYP3A4 inducer.

In certain embodiments, the composition is for treating a neurologicalor psychiatric disease or disorder.

In certain embodiments, the composition is administered in an amountequivalent to between about 20 mg and about 120 mg of valbenazine freebase of the VMAT2 inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the composition isadministered in an amount equivalent to about 20 mg of valbenazine freebase of the VMAT2 inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the composition isadministered in an amount equivalent to about 40 mg of valbenazine freebase of the VMAT2 inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the composition isadministered in an amount equivalent to about 80 mg of valbenazine freebase of the VMAT2 inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the composition isadministered in an amount equivalent to about 60 mg of valbenazine freebase of the VMAT2 inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the composition isadministered in an amount equivalent to about 120 mg of valbenazine freebase of the VMAT2 inhibitor.

In certain embodiments, the composition is administered for a firstperiod of time in a first amount of the VMAT2 inhibitor and then theamount is increased to a second amount. In certain embodiments, thefirst period of time is a week. In certain embodiments, the first amountis equivalent to about 40 mg of valbenazine free base. In certainembodiments, the second amount is equivalent to about 80 mg ofvalbenazine free base.

Also provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition for use in treatingneurological or psychiatric disease or disorders, comprising the VMAT2inhibitor as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, in combination withone or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.

The choice of excipient, to a large extent, depends on factors, such asthe particular mode of administration, the effect of the excipient onthe solubility and stability of the active ingredient, and the nature ofthe dosage form.

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be provided in unitdosage forms or multiple-dosage forms. Unit-dosage forms, as usedherein, refer to physically discrete units suitable for administrationto human and animal subjects and packaged individually as is known inthe art. Each unit-dose contains a predetermined quantity of the activeingredient(s) sufficient to produce the desired therapeutic effect, inassociation with the required pharmaceutical carriers or excipients.Examples of unit-dosage forms include ampoules, syringes, andindividually packaged tablets and capsules. Unit dosage forms may beadministered in fractions or multiples thereof. A multiple-dosage formis a plurality of identical unit-dosage forms packaged in a singlecontainer to be administered in segregated unit-dosage form. Examples ofmultiple-dosage forms include vials, bottles of tablets or capsules, orbottles of pints or gallons.

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be administeredalone, or in combination with one or more other compounds providedherein, one or more other active ingredients. The pharmaceuticalcompositions provided herein may be formulated in various dosage formsfor oral, parenteral, and topical administration. The pharmaceuticalcompositions may also be formulated as a modified release dosage form,including delayed-, extended-, prolonged-, sustained-, pulsatile-,controlled-, accelerated- and fast-, targeted-, programmed-release, andgastric retention dosage forms. These dosage forms can be preparedaccording to conventional methods and techniques known to those skilledin the art). The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may beadministered at once, or multiple times at intervals of time. It isunderstood that the precise dosage and duration of treatment may varywith the age, weight, and condition of the patient being treated, andmay be determined empirically using known testing protocols or byextrapolation from in vivo or in vitro test or diagnostic data. It isfurther understood that for any particular individual, specific dosageregimens should be adjusted over time according to the individual needand the professional judgment of the person administering or supervisingthe administration of the formulations.

Oral Administration

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be provided insolid, semisolid, or liquid dosage forms for oral administration. Asused herein, oral administration also includes buccal, lingual, andsublingual administration. Suitable oral dosage forms include, but arenot limited to, tablets, capsules, pills, troches, lozenges, pastilles,cachets, pellets, medicated chewing gum, granules, bulk powders,effervescent or non-effervescent powders or granules, solutions,emulsions, suspensions, solutions, wafers, sprinkles, elixirs, andsyrups. In addition to the active ingredient(s), the pharmaceuticalcompositions may contain one or more pharmaceutically acceptablecarriers or excipients, including, but not limited to, binders, fillers,diluents, disintegrants, wetting agents, lubricants, glidants, coloringagents, dye-migration inhibitors, sweetening agents, and flavoringagents.

Binders or granulators impart cohesiveness to a tablet to ensure thetablet remaining intact after compression. Suitable binders orgranulators include, but are not limited to, starches, such as cornstarch, potato starch, and pre-gelatinized starch (e.g., STARCH 1500);gelatin; sugars, such as sucrose, glucose, dextrose, molasses, andlactose; natural and synthetic gums, such as acacia, alginic acid,alginates, extract of Irish moss, Panwar gum, ghatti gum, mucilage ofisabgol husks, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose,polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Veegum, larch arabogalactan, powderedtragacanth, and guar gum; celluloses, such as ethyl cellulose, celluloseacetate, carboxymethyl cellulose calcium, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC),hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC);microcrystalline celluloses, such as AVICEL-PH-101, AVICEL-PH-103,AVICEL RC-581, AVICEL-PH-105 (FMC Corp., Marcus Hook, Pa.); and mixturesthereof. Suitable fillers include, but are not limited to, talc, calciumcarbonate, microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, dextrates,kaolin, mannitol, silicic acid, sorbitol, starch, pregelatinized starch,and mixtures thereof. The binder or filler may be present from about 50to about 99% by weight in the pharmaceutical compositions providedherein.

Suitable diluents include, but are not limited to, dicalcium phosphate,calcium sulfate, lactose, sorbitol, sucrose, inositol, cellulose,kaolin, mannitol, sodium chloride, dry starch, and powdered sugar.Certain diluents, such as mannitol, lactose, sorbitol, sucrose, andinositol, when present in sufficient quantity, can impart properties tosome compressed tablets that permit disintegration in the mouth bychewing. Such compressed tablets can be used as chewable tablets.

Suitable disintegrants include, but are not limited to, agar; bentonite;celluloses, such as methylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose; woodproducts; natural sponge; cation-exchange resins; alginic acid; gums,such as guar gum and Vee gum HV; citrus pulp; cross-linked celluloses,such as croscarmellose; cross-linked polymers, such as crospovidone;cross-linked starches; calcium carbonate; microcrystalline cellulose,such as sodium starch glycolate; polacrilin potassium; starches, such ascorn starch, potato starch, tapioca starch, and pre-gelatinized starch;clays; aligns; and mixtures thereof. The amount of disintegrant in thepharmaceutical compositions provided herein varies upon the type offormulation, and is readily discernible to those of ordinary skill inthe art. The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may containfrom about 0.5 to about 15% or from about 1 to about 5% by weight of adisintegrant.

Suitable lubricants include, but are not limited to, calcium stearate;magnesium stearate; mineral oil; light mineral oil; glycerin; sorbitol;mannitol; glycols, such as glycerol behenate and polyethylene glycol(PEG); stearic acid; sodium lauryl sulfate; talc; hydrogenated vegetableoil, including peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil,olive oil, corn oil, and soybean oil; zinc stearate; ethyl oleate; ethyllaureate; agar; starch; lycopodium; silica or silica gels, such asAEROSIL®200 (W.R. Grace Co., Baltimore, Md.) and CAB-0-SIL® (Cabot Co.of Boston, Mass.); and mixtures thereof. The pharmaceutical compositionsprovided herein may contain about 0.1 to about 5% by weight of alubricant. Suitable glidants include colloidal silicon dioxide,CAB-0-SIL® (Cabot Co. of Boston, Mass.), and asbestos-free talc.Coloring agents include any of the approved, certified, water solubleFD&C dyes, and water insoluble FD&C dyes suspended on alumina hydrate,and color lakes and mixtures thereof. A color lake is the combination byadsorption of a water-soluble dye to a hydrous oxide of a heavy metal,resulting in an insoluble form of the dye. Flavoring agents includenatural flavors extracted from plants, such as fruits, and syntheticblends of compounds which produce a pleasant taste sensation, such aspeppermint and methyl salicylate. Sweetening agents include sucrose,lactose, mannitol, syrups, glycerin, and artificial sweeteners, such assaccharin and aspartame. Suitable emulsifying agents include gelatin,acacia, tragacanth, bentonite, and surfactants, such as polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate (TWEEN® 20), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate 80(TWEEN® 80), and triethanolamine oleate. Suspending and dispersingagents include sodium carboxymethylcellulose, pectin, tragacanth,Veegum, acacia, sodium carbomethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrolidone. Preservatives includeglycerin, methyl and propylparaben, benzoic add, sodium benzoate andalcohol. Wetting agents include propylene glycol monostearate, sorbitanmonooleate, diethylene glycol monolaurate, and polyoxyethylene laurylether. Solvents include glycerin, sorbitol, ethyl alcohol, and syrup.Examples of non-aqueous liquids utilized in emulsions include mineraloil and cottonseed oil. Organic acids include citric and tartaric acid.Sources of carbon dioxide include sodium bicarbonate and sodiumcarbonate.

It should be understood that many carriers and excipients may serveseveral functions, even within the same formulation. The pharmaceuticalcompositions provided herein may be provided as compressed tablets,tablet triturates, chewable lozenges, rapidly dissolving tablets,multiple compressed tablets, or enteric-coating tablets, sugar-coated,or film-coated tablets. Enteric coated tablets are compressed tabletscoated with substances that resist the action of stomach acid butdissolve or disintegrate in the intestine, thus protecting the activeingredients from the acidic environment of the stomach. Enteric-coatingsinclude, but are not limited to, fatty acids, fats, phenylsalicylate,waxes, shellac, ammoniated shellac, and cellulose acetate phthalates.Sugar-coated tablets are compressed tablets surrounded by a sugarcoating, which may be beneficial in covering up objectionable tastes orodors and in protecting the tablets from oxidation. Film-coated tabletsare compressed tablets that are covered with a thin layer or film of awater-soluble material. Film coatings include, but are not limited to,hydroxyethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyethyleneglycol 4000, and cellulose acetate phthalate. Film coating imparts thesame general characteristics as sugar coating. Multiple compressedtablets are compressed tablets made by more than one compression cycle,including layered tablets, and press-coated or dry-coated tablets.

The tablet dosage forms may be prepared from the active ingredient inpowdered, crystalline, or granular forms, alone or in combination withone or more carriers or excipients described herein, including binders,disintegrants, controlled-release polymers, lubricants, diluents, and/orcolorants. Flavoring and sweetening agents are especially useful in theformation of chewable tablets and lozenges.

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be provided as softor hard capsules, which can be made from gelatin, methylcellulose,starch, or calcium alginate. The hard gelatin capsule, also known as thedry-filled capsule (DFC), consists of two sections, one slipping overthe other, thus completely enclosing the active ingredient. The softelastic capsule (SEC) is a soft, globular shell, such as a gelatinshell, which is plasticized by the addition of glycerin, sorbitol, or asimilar polyol. The soft gelatin shells may contain a preservative toprevent the growth of microorganisms. Suitable preservatives are thoseas described herein, including methyl- and propyl-parabens, and sorbicacid. The liquid, semisolid, and solid dosage forms provided herein maybe encapsulated in a capsule. Suitable liquid and semisolid dosage formsinclude solutions and suspensions in propylene carbonate, vegetableoils, or triglycerides. The capsules may also be coated as known bythose of skill in the art in order to modify or sustain dissolution ofthe active ingredient.

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be provided inliquid and semisolid dosage forms, including emulsions, solutions,suspensions, elixirs, and syrups. An emulsion is a two-phase system, inwhich one liquid is dispersed in the form of small globules throughoutanother liquid, which can be oil-in-water or water-in-oil. Emulsions mayinclude a pharmaceutically acceptable non-aqueous liquids or solvent,emulsifying agent, and preservative. Suspensions may include apharmaceutically acceptable suspending agent and preservative. Aqueousalcoholic solutions may include a pharmaceutically acceptable acetal,such as a di(lower alkyl) acetal of a lower alkyl aldehyde (the term“lower” means an alkyl having between 1 and 6 carbon atoms), e.g.,acetaldehyde diethyl acetal; and a water-miscible solvent having one ormore hydroxyl groups, such as propylene glycol and ethanol. Elixirs areclear, sweetened, and hydroalcoholic solutions. Syrups are concentratedaqueous solutions of a sugar, for example, sucrose, and may also containa preservative. For a liquid dosage form, for example, a solution in apolyethylene glycol may be diluted with a sufficient quantity of apharmaceutically acceptable liquid carrier, e.g., water, to be measuredconveniently for administration.

Other useful liquid and semisolid dosage forms include, but are notlimited to, those containing the active ingredient(s) provided herein,and a dialkylated mono- or polyalkylene glycol, including,1,2-dimethoxymethane, diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, polyethyleneglycol-350-dimethyl ether, polyethylene glycol-550-dimethyl ether,polyethylene glycol-750-dimethyl ether, wherein 350, 550, and 750 referto the approximate average molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol.These formulations may further comprise one or more antioxidants, suchas butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA),propyl gallate, vitamin E, hydroquinone, hydroxycoumarins, ethanolamine,lecithin, cephalin, ascorbic acid, malic acid, sorbitol, phosphoricacid, bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, thiodipropionic acid and itsesters, and dithiocarbamates.

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for oral administrationmay be also provided in the forms of liposomes, micelles, microspheres,or nanosystems.

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be provided asnoneffervescent or effervescent, granules and powders, to bereconstituted into a liquid dosage form. Pharmaceutically acceptablecarriers and excipients used in the noneffervescent granules or powdersmay include diluents, sweeteners, and wetting agents. Pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers and excipients used in the effervescent granules orpowders may include organic acids and a source of carbon dioxide.Coloring and flavoring agents can be used in all of the above dosageforms. The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be formulatedas immediate or modified release dosage forms, including delayed-,sustained, pulsed-, controlled, targeted-, and programmed-release forms.

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be co-formulatedwith other active ingredients which do not impair the desiredtherapeutic action, or with substances that supplement the desiredaction, such as antacids, proton pump inhibitors, and Hz-receptorantagonists.

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be administeredparenterally by injection, infusion, or implantation, for local orsystemic administration. Parenteral administration, as used herein,include intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intrathecal,intraventricular, intraurethral, intrasternal, intracranial,intramuscular, intrasynovial, and subcutaneous administration.

Parenteral Administration

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be formulated in anydosage forms that are suitable for parenteral administration, includingsolutions, suspensions, emulsions, micelles, liposomes, microspheres,nanosystems, and solid forms suitable for solutions or suspensions inliquid prior to injection. Such dosage forms can be prepared accordingto conventional methods known to those skilled in the art ofpharmaceutical science.

The pharmaceutical compositions intended for parenteral administrationmay include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers andexcipients, including, but not limited to, aqueous vehicles,water-miscible vehicles, non-aqueous vehicles, antimicrobial agents orpreservatives against the growth of microorganisms, stabilizers,solubility enhancers, isotonic agents, buffering agents, antioxidants,local anesthetics, suspending and dispersing agents, wetting oremulsifying agents, complexing agents, sequestering or chelating agents,cryoprotectants, lyoprotectants, thickening agents, pH adjusting agents,and inert gases.

Suitable aqueous vehicles include, but are not limited to, water,saline, physiological saline or phosphate buffered saline (PBS), sodiumchloride injection, Ringers injection, isotonic dextrose injection,sterile water injection, dextrose and lactated Ringers injection.Non-aqueous vehicles include, but are not limited to, fixed oils ofvegetable origin, castor oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil,peanut oil, peppermint oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil,hydrogenated vegetable oils, hydrogenated soybean oil, and medium-chaintriglycerides of coconut oil, and palm seed oil. Water-miscible vehiclesinclude, but are not limited to, ethanol, 1,3-butanediol, liquidpolyethylene glycol (e.g., polyethylene glycol 300 and polyethyleneglycol 400), propylene glycol, glycerin, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone,dimethylacetamide, and dimethylsulfoxide.

Suitable antimicrobial agents or preservatives include, but are notlimited to, phenols, cresols, mercurials, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol,methyl and propyl phydroxybenzates, thimerosal, benzalkonium chloride,benzethonium chloride, methyl- and propylparabens, and sorbic acid.Suitable isotonic agents include, but are not limited to, sodiumchloride, glycerin, and dextrose. Suitable buffering agents include, butare not limited to, phosphate and citrate. Suitable antioxidants arethose as described herein, including bisulfite and sodium metabisulfite.Suitable local anesthetics include, but are not limited to, procainehydrochloride. Suitable suspending and dispersing agents are those asdescribed herein, including sodium carboxymethylcelluose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Suitable emulsifying agentsinclude those described herein, including polyoxyethylene sorbitanmonolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate 80, and triethanolamineoleate. Suitable sequestering or chelating agents include, but are notlimited to EDTA. Suitable pH adjusting agents include, but are notlimited to, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, citric acid, and lacticacid. Suitable complexing agents include, but are not limited to,cyclodextrins, including alpha-cyclodextrin, beta-cyclodextrin,hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, sulfobutylether-beta-cyclodextrin, andsulfobutylether 7-beta-cyclodextrin (CAPTISOL®, CyDex, Lenexa, Kans.).

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be formulated forsingle or multiple dosage administration. The single dosage formulationsare packaged in an ampule, a vial, or a syringe. The multiple dosageparenteral formulations must contain an antimicrobial agent atbacteriostatic or fungistatic concentrations. All parenteralformulations must be sterile, as known and practiced in the art.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are provided asready-to-use sterile solutions. In certain embodiments, thepharmaceutical compositions are provided as sterile dry solubleproducts, including lyophilized powders and hypodermic tablets, to bereconstituted with a vehicle prior to use. In certain embodiments, thepharmaceutical compositions are provided as ready-to-use sterilesuspensions. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions areprovided as sterile dry insoluble products to be reconstituted with avehicle prior to use. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceuticalcompositions are provided as ready-to-use sterile emulsions.

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be formulated asimmediate or modified release dosage forms, including delayed-,sustained, pulsed-, controlled, targeted-, and programmed-release forms.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated as a suspension,solid, semisolid, or thixotropic liquid, for administration as animplanted depot. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositionsprovided herein are dispersed in a solid inner matrix, which issurrounded by an outer polymeric membrane that is insoluble in bodyfluids but allows the active ingredient in the pharmaceuticalcompositions diffuse through.

Suitable inner matrixes include polymethylmethacrylate,polybutylmethacrylate, plasticized or unplasticized polyvinylchloride,plasticized nylon, plasticized polyethyleneterephthalate, naturalrubber, polyisoprene, polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, polyethylene,ethylene-vinylacetate copolymers, silicone rubbers,polydimethylsiloxanes, silicone carbonate copolymers, hydrophilicpolymers, such as hydrogels of esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid,collagen, cross-linked polyvinylalcohol, and cross-linked partiallyhydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate.

Suitable outer polymeric membranes include polyethylene, polypropylene,ethylene/propylene copolymers, ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymers,ethylene/vinylacetate copolymers, silicone rubbers, polydimethylsiloxanes, neoprene rubber, chlorinated polyethylene, polyvinylchloride,vinylchloride copolymers with vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride,ethylene and propylene, ionomer polyethylene terephthalate, butyl rubberepichlorohydrin rubbers, ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer,ethylene/vinyl acetate/vinyl alcohol terpolymer, andethylene/vinyloxyethanol copolymer.

Topical Administration

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be administeredtopically to the skin, orifices, or mucosa. The topical administration,as used herein, include (intra)dermal, conjuctival, intracorneal,intraocular, ophthalmic, auricular, transdermal, nasal, vaginal,uretheral, respiratory, and rectal administration.

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be formulated in anydosage forms that are suitable for topical administration for local orsystemic effect, including emulsions, solutions, suspensions, creams,gels, hydrogels, ointments, dusting powders, dressings, elixirs,lotions, suspensions, tinctures, pastes, foams, films, aerosols,irrigations, sprays, suppositories, bandages, dermal patches. Thetopical formulation of the pharmaceutical compositions provided hereinmay also comprise liposomes, micelles, microspheres, nanosystems, andmixtures thereof.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients suitable for use inthe topical formulations provided herein include, but are not limitedto, aqueous vehicles, water miscible vehicles, non-aqueous vehicles,antimicrobial agents or preservatives against the growth ofmicroorganisms, stabilizers, solubility enhancers, isotonic agents,buffering agents, antioxidants, local anesthetics, suspending anddispersing agents, wetting or emulsifying agents, complexing agents,sequestering or chelating agents, penetration enhancers,cryopretectants, lyoprotectants, thickening agents, and inert gases.

The pharmaceutical compositions may also be administered topically byelectroporation, iontophoresis, phonophoresis, sonophoresis andmicroneedle or needle-free injection, such as POWDERJECT™ (Chiron Corp.,Emeryville, Calif.), and BIOJECT™ (Bioject Medical Technologies Inc.,Tualatin, Oreg.).

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be provided in theforms of ointments, creams, and gels. Suitable ointment vehicles includeoleaginous or hydrocarbon bases, including such as lard, benzoinatedlard, olive oil, cottonseed oil, and other oils, white petrolatum;emulsifiable or absorption bases, such as hydrophilic petrolatum,hydroxystearin sulfate, and anhydrous lanolin; water-removable bases,such as hydrophilic ointment; water-soluble ointment bases, includingpolyethylene glycols of varying molecular weight; emulsion bases, eitherwater-in-oil (W/O) emulsions or oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions, includingcetyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate, lanolin, and stearic acid. Thesevehicles are emollient but generally require addition of antioxidantsand preservatives.

Suitable cream base can be oil-in-water or water-in-oil. Cream vehiclesmay be water-washable, and contain an oil phase, an emulsifier, and anaqueous phase. The oil phase is also called the “internal” phase, whichis generally comprised of petrolatum and a fatty alcohol such as cetylor stearyl alcohol. The aqueous phase usually, although not necessarily,exceeds the oil phase in volume, and generally contains a humectant. Theemulsifier in a cream formulation may be a nonionic, anionic, cationic,or amphoteric surfactant.

Gels are semisolid, suspension-type systems. Single-phase gels containorganic macromolecules distributed substantially uniformly throughoutthe liquid carrier. Suitable gelling agents include crosslinked acrylicacid polymers, such as carbomers, carboxypolyalkylenes, Carbopol®;hydrophilic polymers, such as polyethylene oxides,polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymers, and polyvinylalcohol;cellulosic polymers, such as hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulosephthalate, and methylcellulose; gums, such as tragacanth and xanthangum; sodium alginate; and gelatin. In order to prepare a uniform gel,dispersing agents such as alcohol or glycerin can be added, or thegelling agent can be dispersed by trituration, mechanical mixing, and/orstirring.

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be administeredrectally, urethrally, vaginally, or perivaginally in the forms ofsuppositories, pessaries, bougies, poultices or cataplasm, pastes,powders, dressings, creams, plasters, contraceptives, ointments,solutions, emulsions, suspensions, tampons, gels, foams, sprays, orenemas. These dosage forms can be manufactured using conventionalprocesses.

Rectal, urethral, and vaginal suppositories are solid bodies forinsertion into body orifices, which are solid at ordinary temperaturesbut melt or soften at body temperature to release the activeingredient(s) inside the orifices. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriersutilized in rectal and vaginal suppositories include vehicles, such asstiffening agents, which produce a melting point in the proximity ofbody temperature, when formulated with the pharmaceutical compositionsprovided herein; and antioxidants as described herein, includingbisulfate and sodium metabisulfite. Suitable vehicles include, but arenot limited to, cocoa butter (theobroma oil), glycerin-gelatin, carbowax(polyoxyethylene glycol), spermaceti, paraffin, white and yellow wax,and appropriate mixtures of mono-, di- and triglycerides of fatty acids,hydrogels, such as polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxyethyl methacrylate,polyacrylic acid; glycerinated gelatin. Combinations of the variousvehicles may be used. Rectal and vaginal suppositories may be preparedby the compressed method or molding. The typical weight of a rectal andvaginal suppository is about 2 to 3 g.

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be administeredophthalmically in the forms of solutions, suspensions, ointments,emulsions, gel-forming solutions, powders for solutions, gels, ocularinserts, and implants.

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be administeredintranasally or by inhalation to the respiratory tract. Thepharmaceutical compositions may be provided in the form of an aerosol orsolution for delivery using a pressurized container, pump, spray,atomizer, such as an atomizer using electrohydrodynamics to produce afine mist, or nebulizer, alone or in combination with a suitablepropellant, such as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane or1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane. The pharmaceutical compositions mayalso be provided as a dry powder for insufflation, alone or incombination with an inert carrier such as lactose or phospholipids; andnasal drops. For intranasal use, the powder may comprise a bioadhesiveagent, including chitosan or cyclodextrin.

Solutions or suspensions for use in a pressurized container, pump,spray, atomizer, or nebulizer may be formulated to contain ethanol,aqueous ethanol, or a suitable alternative agent for dispersing,solubilizing, or extending release of the active ingredient providedherein, a propellant as solvent; and/or a surfactant, such as sorbitantrioleate, oleic acid, or an oligolactic acid.

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be micronized to asize suitable for delivery by inhalation, such as 50 micrometers orless, or 10 micrometers or less. Particles of such sizes may be preparedusing a comminuting method known to those skilled in the art, such asspiral jet milling, fluid bed jet milling, supercritical fluidprocessing to form nanoparticles, high pressure homogenization, or spraydrying.

Capsules, blisters and cartridges for use in an inhaler or insufflatormay be formulated to contain a powder mix of the pharmaceuticalcompositions provided herein; a suitable powder base, such as lactose orstarch; and a performance modifier, such as /-leucine, mannitol, ormagnesium stearate. The lactose may be anhydrous or in the form of themonohydrate. Other suitable excipients include dextran, glucose,maltose, sorbitol, xylitol, fructose, sucrose, and trehalose. Thepharmaceutical compositions provided herein for inhaled/intranasaladministration may further comprise a suitable flavor, such as mentholand levomenthol, or sweeteners, such as saccharin or saccharin sodium.

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein for topicaladministration may be formulated to be immediate release or modifiedrelease, including delayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-, targeted,and programmed release.

Modified Release

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may be formulated as amodified release dosage form. As used herein, the term “modifiedrelease” refers to a dosage form in which the rate or place of releaseof the active ingredient(s) is different from that of an immediatedosage form when administered by the same route. Modified release dosageforms include delayed-, extended-, prolonged-, sustained-, pulsatile- orpulsed-, controlled-, accelerated- and fast-, targeted-,programmed-release, and gastric retention dosage forms.

The pharmaceutical compositions in modified release dosage forms can beprepared using a variety of modified release devices and methods knownto those skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, matrixcontrolled release devices, osmotic controlled release devices,multiparticulate controlled release devices, ion-exchange resins,enteric coatings, multilayered coatings, microspheres, liposomes, andcombinations thereof. The release rate of the active ingredient(s) canalso be modified by varying the particle sizes and polymorphorism of theactive ingredient(s).

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein in a modified releasedosage form may be fabricated using a matrix controlled release deviceknown to those skilled in the art.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided hereinin a modified release dosage form is formulated using an erodible matrixdevice, which is water swellable, erodible, or soluble polymers,including synthetic polymers, and naturally occurring polymers andderivatives, such as polysaccharides and proteins.

Materials useful in forming an erodible matrix include, but are notlimited to, chitin, chitosan, dextran, and pullulan; gum agar, gumarabic, gum karaya, locust bean gum, gum tragacanth, carrageenans, gumghatti, guar gum, xanthan gum, and scleroglucan; starches, such asdextrin and maltodextrin; hydrophilic colloids, such as pectin;phosphatides, such as lecithin; alginates; propylene glycol alginate;gelatin; collagen; and cellulosics, such as ethyl cellulose (EC),methylethyl cellulose (MEC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), CMEC,hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), celluloseacetate (CA), cellulose propionate (CP), cellulose butyrate (CB),cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), CAP, CAT, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), HPMCP, HPMCAS, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetatetrimellitate (HPMCAT), and ethylhydroxy ethylcellulose (EHEC); polyvinylpyrrolidone; polyvinyl alcohol; polyvinyl acetate; glycerol fatty acidesters; polyacrylamide; polyacrylic acid; copolymers of ethacrylic acidor methacrylic acid (EUDRAGIT®, Rohm America, Inc., Piscataway, N.J.);poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate); polylactides; copolymers ofL-glutamic acid and ethyl-L-glutamate; degradable lactic acidglycolicacid copolymers; poly-D-(−)-3-hydroxybutyric acid; and other acrylicacid derivatives, such as homopolymers and copolymers ofbutylmethacrylate, methylmethacrylate, ethylmethacrylate, ethylacrylate,(2-dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate, and(trimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate chloride.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are formulatedwith a non-erodible matrix device. The active ingredient(s) is dissolvedor dispersed in an inert matrix and is released primarily by diffusionthrough the inert matrix once administered. Materials suitable for useas a non-erodible matrix device included, but are not limited to,insoluble plastics, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisoprene,polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, polymethylmethacrylate,polybutylmethacrylate, chlorinated polyethylene, polyvinylchloride,methyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymers, ethylene-vinylacetatecopolymers, ethylene/propylene copolymers, ethylene/ethyl acrylatecopolymers, vinylchloride copolymers with vinyl acetate, vinylidenechloride, ethylene and propylene, ionomer polyethylene terephthalate,butyl rubber epichlorohydrin rubbers, ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer,ethylene/vinyl acetate/vinyl alcohol terpolymer, andethylene/vinyloxyethanol copolymer, polyvinyl chloride, plasticizednylon, plasticized polyethyleneterephthalate, natural rubber, siliconerubbers, polydimethylsiloxanes, silicone carbonate copolymers, and;hydrophilic polymers, such as ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate,crospovidone, and cross-linked partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate,and fatty compounds, such as camauba wax, microcrystalline wax, andtriglycerides.

In a matrix controlled release system, the desired release kinetics canbe controlled, for example, via the polymer type employed, the polymerviscosity, the particle sizes of the polymer and/or the activeingredient(s), the ratio of the active ingredient(s) versus the polymer,and other excipients in the compositions.

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein in a modified releasedosage form may be prepared by methods known to those skilled in theart, including direct compression, dry or wet granulation followed bycompression, melt-granulation followed by compression.

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein in a modified releasedosage form may be fabricated using an osmotic controlled releasedevice, including one-chamber system, two-chamber system, asymmetricmembrane technology (AMT), and extruding core system (ECS). In general,such devices have at least two components: (a) the core which containsthe active ingredient(s); and (b) a semipermeable membrane with at leastone delivery port, which encapsulates the core. The semipermeablemembrane controls the influx of water to the core from an aqueousenvironment of use so as to cause drug release by extrusion through thedelivery port(s).

In addition to the active ingredient(s), the core of the osmotic deviceoptionally includes an osmotic agent, which creates a driving force fortransport of water from the environment of use into the core of thedevice. One class of osmotic agents waterswellable hydrophilic polymers,which are also referred to as “osmopolymers” and “hydrogels,” including,but not limited to, hydrophilic vinyl and acrylic polymers,polysaccharides such as calcium alginate, polyethylene oxide (PEO),polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG),poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(acrylic) acid, poly(methacrylic)acid, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), crosslinked PVP, polyvinyl alcohol(PVA), PVA/PVP copolymers, PVA/PVP copolymers with hydrophobic monomerssuch as methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate, hydrophilic polyurethanescontaining large PEO blocks, sodium croscarmellose, carrageenan,hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC),hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) andcarboxyethyl, cellulose (CEC), sodium alginate, polycarbophil, gelatin,xanthan gum, and sodium starch glycolate.

The other class of osmotic agents is osmogens, which are capable ofimbibing water to affect an osmotic pressure gradient across the barrierof the surrounding coating. Suitable osmogens include, but are notlimited to, inorganic salts, such as magnesium sulfate, magnesiumchloride, calcium chloride, sodium chloride, lithium chloride, potassiumsulfate, potassium phosphates, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfite, lithiumsulfate, potassium chloride, and sodium sulfate; sugars, such asdextrose, fructose, glucose, inositol, lactose, maltose, mannitol,raffinose, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and xylitol, organic acids,such as ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, fumaric acid, citric acid, maleicacid, sebacic acid, sorbic acid, adipic acid, edetic acid, glutamicacid, p-tolunesulfonic acid, succinic acid, and tartaric acid; urea; andmixtures thereof.

Osmotic agents of different dissolution rates may be employed toinfluence how rapidly the active ingredient(s) is initially deliveredfrom the dosage form. For example, amorphous sugars, such as MannogemeEZ (SPI Pharma, Lewes, Del.) can be used to provide faster deliveryduring the first couple of hours to promptly produce the desiredtherapeutic effect, and gradually and continually release of theremaining amount to maintain the desired level of therapeutic orprophylactic effect over an extended period of time. In this case, theactive ingredient(s) is released at such a rate to replace the amount ofthe active ingredient metabolized and excreted.

The core may also include a wide variety of other excipients andcarriers as described herein to enhance the performance of the dosageform or to promote stability or processing.

Materials useful in forming the semipermeable membrane include variousgrades of acrylics, vinyls, ethers, polyamides, polyesters, andcellulosic derivatives that are water-permeable and water-insoluble atphysiologically relevant pHs, or are susceptible to being renderedwater-insoluble by chemical alteration, such as crosslinking. Examplesof suitable polymers useful in forming the coating, include plasticized,unplasticized, and reinforced cellulose acetate (CA), cellulosediacetate, cellulose triacetate, CA propionate, cellulose nitrate,cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), CA ethyl carbamate, CAP, CA methylcarbamate, CA succinate, cellulose acetate trimellitate (CAT), CAdimethylaminoacetate, CAethyl carbonate, CA chloroacetate, CA ethyloxalate, CA methyl sulfonate, CA butyl sulfonate, CA p-toluenesulfonate, agar acetate, amylose triacetate, beta glucan acetate, betaglucan triacetate, acetaldehyde dimethyl acetate, triacetate of locustbean gum, hydroxlated ethylene-vinylacetate, EC, PEG, PPG, PEG/PPGcopolymers, PVP, HEC, HPC, CMC, CMEC, HPMC, HPMCP, HPMCAS, HPMCAT,poly(acrylic) acids and esters and poly(methacrylic) acids and estersand copolymers thereof, starch, dextran, dextrin, chitosan, collagen,gelatin, polyalkenes, polyethers, polysulfones, polyethersulfones,polystyrenes, polyvinyl halides, polyvinyl esters and ethers, naturalwaxes, and synthetic waxes.

Semipermeable membrane may also be a hydrophobic microporous membrane,wherein the pores are substantially filled with a gas and are not wettedby the aqueous medium but are permeable to water, as disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 5,798,119. Such hydrophobic but water-permeable membrane aretypically composed of hydrophobic polymers such as polyalkenes,polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyacrylic acidderivatives, polyethers, polysulfones, polyethersulfones, polystyrenes,polyvinyl halides, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl esters and ethers,natural waxes, and synthetic waxes. The delivery port(s) on thesemipermeable membrane may be formed postcoating by mechanical or laserdrilling. Delivery port(s) may also be formed in situ by erosion of aplug of water-soluble material or by rupture of a thinner portion of themembrane over an indentation in the core. In addition, delivery portsmay be formed during coating process.

The total amount of the active ingredient(s) released and the releaserate can substantially by modulated via the thickness and porosity ofthe semipermeable membrane, the composition of the core, and the number,size, and position of the delivery ports.

The pharmaceutical compositions in an osmotic controlled-release dosageform may further comprise additional conventional excipients asdescribed herein to promote performance or processing of theformulation.

The osmotic controlled-release dosage forms can be prepared according toconventional methods and techniques known to those skilled in the art.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided hereinare formulated as AMT controlled-release dosage form, which comprises anasymmetric osmotic membrane that coats a core comprising the activeingredient(s) and other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. The AMTcontrolled-release dosage forms can be prepared according toconventional methods and techniques known to those skilled in the art,including direct compression, dry granulation, wet granulation, and adip-coating method.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided hereinare formulated as ESC controlled-release dosage form, which comprises anosmotic membrane that coats a core comprising the active ingredient(s),hydroxylethyl cellulose, and other pharmaceutically acceptableexcipients.

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein in a modified releasedosage form may be fabricated a multiparticulate controlled releasedevice, which comprises a multiplicity of particles, granules, orpellets, ranging from about 10 pm to about 3 mm, about 50 pm to about2.5 mm, or from about 100 pm to 1 mm in diameter. Such multiparticulatesmay be made by the processes know to those skilled in the art, includingwet- and dry-granulation, extrusion/spheronization, roller-compaction,melt-congealing, and by spray-coating seed cores.

Other excipients as described herein may be blended with thepharmaceutical compositions to aid in processing and forming themultiparticulates. The resulting particles may themselves constitute themultiparticulate device or may be coated by various filmformingmaterials, such as enteric polymers, water-swellable, and water-solublepolymers. The multiparticulates can be further processed as a capsule ora tablet.

Targeted Delivery

The pharmaceutical compositions provided herein may also be formulatedto be targeted to a particular tissue, receptor, or other area of thebody of the subject to be treated, including liposome-, resealederythrocyte-, and antibody-based delivery systems.

Dosages

In the treatment, prevention, or amelioration of one or more symptoms oftic disorders or other conditions, disorders or diseases associated withVMAT2 inhibition, an appropriate dosage level generally is about 0.001to 100 mg per kg patient body weight per day (mg/kg per day), about 0.01to about 80 mg/kg per day, about 0.1 to about 50 mg/kg per day, about0.5 to about 25 mg/kg per day, or about 1 to about 20 mg/kg per day,which may be administered in single or multiple doses. Within this rangethe dosage may be 0.005 to 0.05, 0.05 to 0.5, or 0.5 to 5.0, 1 to 15, 1to 20, or 1 to 50 mg/kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosagelevel is about 0.001 to 100 mg/kg per day.

In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about from 25 to 100 mg/kgper day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 0.01 to about40 mg/kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 0.1to about 80 mg/kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level isabout 0.1 to about 50 mg/kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosagelevel is about 0.1 to about 40 mg/kg per day. In certain embodiments,the dosage level is about 0.5 to about 80 mg/kg per day. In certainembodiments, the dosage level is about 0.5 to about 40 mg/kg per day. Incertain embodiments, the dosage level is about 0.5 to about 25 mg/kg perday. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 1 to about 80mg/kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about 1 toabout 75 mg/kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosage level isabout 1 to about 50 mg/kg per day. In certain embodiments, the dosagelevel is about 1 to about 40 mg/kg per day. In certain embodiments, thedosage level is about 1 to about 25 mg/kg per day.

In certain embodiments, the dosage level is about from 5.0 to 150 mg perday, and in certain embodiments from 10 to 100 mg per day. In certainembodiments, the dosage level is about 80 mg per day. In certainembodiments, the dosage level is about 40 mg per day.

For oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions can be providedin the form of tablets containing 1.0 to 1,000 mg of the activeingredient, particularly about 1, about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20,about 25, about 30, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 75, about 80,about 100, about 150, about 200, about 250, about 300, about 400, about500, about 600, about 750, about 800, about 900, and about 1,000 mg ofthe active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage tothe patient to be treated. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceuticalcompositions can be provided in the form of tablets containing about 100mg of the active ingredient. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceuticalcompositions can be provided in the form of tablets containing about 80mg of the active ingredient. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceuticalcompositions can be provided in the form of tablets containing about 75mg of the active ingredient. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceuticalcompositions can be provided in the form of tablets containing about 50mg of the active ingredient. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceuticalcompositions can be provided in the form of tablets containing about 40mg of the active ingredient. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceuticalcompositions can be provided in the form of tablets containing about 25mg of the active ingredient. The compositions may be administered on aregimen of 1 to 4 times per day, including once, twice, three times, andfour times per day.

It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level andfrequency of dosage for any particular patient may be varied and willdepend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specificcompound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of thatcompound, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and timeof administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity ofthe particular condition, and the host undergoing therapy.

The compounds provided herein may also be combined or used incombination with other agents useful in the treatment, prevention, oramelioration of one or more symptoms of the diseases or conditions forwhich the compounds provided herein are useful, including tic disordersand other conditions commonly treated with antipsychotic medication.

In certain embodiments, the compounds provided herein may also becombined or used in combination with a typical antipsychotic drug. Incertain embodiments, the typical antipsychotic drug is fluphenazine,haloperidol, loxapine, molindone, perphenazine, pimozide, sulpiride,thioridazine, or trifluoperazine. In certain embodiments, theantipsychotic drug is an atypical antipsychotic drug. In certainembodiments, the atypical antipsychotic drug is aripiprazole, asenapine,clozapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine,risperidone, or ziprasidone. In certain embodiments, the atypicalantipsychotic drug is clozapine.

Such other agents, or drugs, may be administered, by a route and in anamount commonly used thereof, simultaneously or sequentially with thecompounds provided herein. When compounds provided herein are usedcontemporaneously with one or more other drugs, a pharmaceuticalcomposition containing such other drugs in addition to the compoundsprovided herein may be utilized, but is not required. Accordingly, thepharmaceutical compositions provided herein include those that alsocontain one or more other active ingredients or therapeutic agents, inaddition to the compounds provided herein.

The weight ratio of the compounds provided herein to the second activeingredient may be varied, and will depend upon the effective dose ofeach ingredient. Generally, an effective dose of each will be used.Thus, for example, when the compounds provided herein are used incombination with the second drug, or a pharmaceutical compositioncontaining such other drug, the weight ratio of the particulates to thesecond drug may range from about 1,000:1 to about 1:1,000, or about200:1 to about 1:200.

Combinations of the particulates provided herein and other activeingredients will generally also be within the aforementioned range, butin each case, an effective dose of each active ingredient should beused.

Examples of embodiments of the present disclosure are provided in thefollowing examples. The following examples are presented only by way ofillustration and to assist one of ordinary skill in using thedisclosure. The examples are not intended in any way to otherwise limitthe scope of the disclosure.

EXAMPLES Example 1 A Phase 1, Open-Label, One-Sequence Crossover Studyto Assess the Effect of Rifampin on the Pharmacokinetics of ValbenazineTosylate in Healthy Subjects

This was a Phase 1, open-label, one-sequence crossover, drug-interactionstudy of valbenazine tosylate in a total of 12 healthy subjects (6 malesand 6 females). After providing informed consent, subjects were screenedfor eligibility to participate in the study within 21 days before Day 1(the first day of study drug administration). Subjects who met theeligibility criteria were admitted to the study center on the morning ofDay −1 (the day before dosing). Subjects received a single dose of 80 mgvalbenazine tosylate on Days 1 and 11 between 0800 and 1000 hours. Inaddition, subjects received 600 mg rifampin (300 mg×2 capsules) oncedaily on Days 5 (after collection of the 96-hour PK sample) through 14between 0830 and 1030 hours. Subjects were required to fast overnightbefore receiving the study drugs (valbenazine tosylate and rifampin).Subjects were discharged from the study center on Day 15 (final studyday or upon early termination) after all safety evaluations and studyassessments had been completed.

Blood samples were collected for PK analyses of NBI-98854 and itsmetabolites, NBI-98782 and NBI-136110, and for rifampin plasmaconcentrations at scheduled times during the study. Safety was assessedthroughout the study.

NBI-98854 40 mg capsules were administered orally. The dose of NBI-98854was based on ditosylate salt (dose expressed as free base). Subjectsreceived a single dose of NBI-98854 80 mg (as two 40 mg capsules) twiceduring the study, on Days 1 and 11.

Rifampin 300 mg capsules were administered orally. Subjects received asingle dose of rifampin 600 mg (as two 300 mg capsules) on Days 5 (aftercollection of the 96 hour NBI-98854 PK sample) through 14 between 0830and 1030 hours.

Pharmacokinetics

Blood samples to determine plasma concentrations of NBI-98854, and themetabolites NBI-98782 and NBI-136110, were collected on Days 1 and 11 at30 minutes before NBI-98854 dosing, and at 15, 30, and 45 minutes, andat 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after NBI-98854dosing or upon early termination.

The following plasma PK parameters were assessed for NBI-98854,NBI-98782, and NBI-136110:

-   -   Area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) from        0 to 24 hours (AUC₀₋₂₄)    -   AUC from 0 hours to last measureable concentration (AUC_(tlast))    -   AUC from 0 hours extrapolated to infinity (AUC_(0-∞))    -   Maximum plasma concentration (C_(max))    -   Time prior to the first measurable concentration (T_(lag))    -   Apparent terminal half-life (t_(1/2))    -   Time to maximum plasma concentration (t_(max))    -   Apparent mean residence time (MRT)    -   Molar ratio of the metabolites NBI-98782 and NBI-136110 to the        parent drug NBI-98854

The following plasma PK parameters were calculated only for NBI-98854:

-   -   Apparent systemic clearance after oral administration (CL/F)    -   Apparent volume of distribution during the terminal phase after        oral administration (V_(z)/F)

The PK data for t_(max), T_(lag), t_(1/2), MRT, and Vz/F were rounded to2 significant figures and all other parameters (AUC₀₋₂₄, AUC_(tlast),AUC_(0-∞), C_(max), and CL/F) were rounded to 3 significant figures. Thelast significant figure was rounded up if the digit to the right of itwas >5, and was rounded down if the digit to the right of it was <4.

Blood samples to determine rifampin plasma concentration were collectedat 30 minutes predose and 1, 2.5, 3.5, 7.5, 11.5, and 23.5 hours afterrifampin dosing on Days 5 and 11; at 2.5 hours after rifampin dosing onDays 6 through 10 and Days 12 through 13; at 2.5 and 8 hours afterrifampin dosing on Day 14; and at approximately 0800 hours on Day 15(final study day or upon early termination). The following plasma PKparameters were calculated for rifampin: AUC₀₋₂₄, AUC_(0-tlast),C_(max′) and t_(max).

The PK data for t_(max), T_(lag), t_(1/2), MRT, and Vz/F were rounded to2 significant figures and all other parameters (AUC₀₋₂₄, AUC_(0-tlast),AUC_(0-∞), C_(max), and CL/F) were rounded to 3 significant figures. Thelast significant figure was rounded up if the digit to the right of itwas ≥5, and was rounded down if the digit to the right of it was ≤4.

Pharmacokinetic Results

Concomitant administration of NBI-98854 and rifampin led to anapproximate 30% decrease in C_(max) and an approximate 70% decrease inAUC_(0-∞) of NBI-98854 compared with administration of NBI-98854 alone.The 90% confidence interval (CI) for the geometric mean ratios (57.9% to80.3% for C_(max) and 25.5% to 30.1% for AUC_(o-«)) were outside the ‘noeffect’ range of 80% to 125% indicating an effect of treatment withrifampin on NBI-98854 AUC_(0-∞) and C_(max). Mean t_(1/2) of NBI-98854decreased from 16 to 10 hours when NBI-98854 was administered withrifampin. This decrease in NBI-98854 C_(max), AUC_(0-∞), and t_(1/2) isconsistent with in vitro data that suggests a significant role ofrifampin-inducible cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (eg, CYP3A4) in themetabolism of NBI-98854.

Coadministration of NBI-98854 and rifampin also led to an approximately50% decrease in C_(max) and an approximately 80% decrease in AUC_(0-∞)of an active metabolite NBI-98782 compared with administration ofNBI-98854 alone. The 90% CI for the geometric mean ratios were outsidethe ‘no effect’ range of 80% to 125%. Mean t_(1/2) of NBI-98782decreased from 19 to 12 hours when NBI-98854 was administered withrifampin. This decrease in NBI-98782 C_(max) and AUC_(0-∞) could be dueto its decreased formation because of reduced bioavailability ofNBI-98854 and/or increased metabolism of NBI-98782 by rifampin-inducibleCYP enzymes (eg, CYP3A4).

For the metabolite NBI-136110, mean C_(max) increased 1.4-fold; however,mean AUC_(0-∞) decreased approximately 70% after treatment withNBI-98854 plus rifampin compared with administration of NBI-98854 alone.The 90% CI for the geometric mean ratio was outside the ‘no effect’range of 80% to 125%. Mean t_(1/2) of NBI-136110 decreased from 27 to 12hours when NBI-98854 was administered with rifampin. The increase inC_(max) of NBI-136110 is consistent with the in vitro data, whichsuggests that CYP3A4 is involved in the conversion of NBI-98854 toNBI-136110. Additionally, the decrease in AUC and t_(1/2) of NBI-136110provides evidence that NBI-136110 is further metabolized byrifampin-inducible CYP enzymes (eg, CYP3A4).

Summary of Pharmacokinetic Parameters NBI-98854 (80 mg) + ParameterNBI-98854 (80 mg) Rifampin (600 mg) Statistic (N = 11) (N = 11) AUC₀₋₂₄(ng hr/mL) Mean (SD) 4480 (897) 1510 (471) Geometric CV % 19.8 27.2AUC_(0-tlast) (ng hr/mL) Mean (SD) 5930 (1180) 1670 (555) Geometric CV %20.0 27.8 AUC_(0-∞) (ng hr/mL) Mean (SD) 6020 (1210) 1700 (553)Geometric CV % 20.2 27.3 C_(max) (ng/mL) Mean (SD) 795 (386) 542 (299)Geometric CV % 45.5 42.9 t_(max) (hours) Median (min, max) 0.75 (0.50,2.1) 0.75 (0.50, 1.0) T_(lag) (hours) Mean (SD) 0.12 (0.13) 0.091 (0.13)t_(1/2) (hours) Mean (SD) 16 (2.3) 10 (2.1) Geometric CV % 15   28   MRT(hours) Mean (SD) 17 (2.8) 8.7 (1.3) Geometric CV % 16   17   CL/F(L/hr) Mean (SD) 13.8 (2.77) 50.3 (11.4) Geometric CV % 20.2 27.3 Vz/F(L) Mean (SD) 330 (79) 730 (230) Geometric CV % 25   37  

The geometric mean ratios and associated 90% CIs for AUC_(0-∞) andC_(max) for NBI-98854 after treatment with NBI-98854 in combination withrifampin or NBI-98854 alone or are provided below.

NBI-98854 Geometric Mean Ratios for Pharmacokinetic Exposure Parameters(PK Analysis Set) Ratio^(a) (%) (NBI-98854 with rifampin vs. 90%Confidence Parameter NBI-98854 alone) Interval^(b) AUC_(0-∞) (ng ×hr/mL) 27.7 25.5, 30.1 C_(max) (ng/mL) 68.2 57.9, 80.3 ^(a)Ratio ofgeometric least-squares means was based on a mixed model usinglog-transformed (base 10) data ^(b)The 90% confidence interval forgeometric mean ratio was based on least-squares means usinglog-transformed (base 10) data

Geometric mean ratios for AUC_(0-∞) and C_(max) for NBI-98854 afteradministration of NBI-98854 in combination with rifampin compared withNBI-98854 alone were 27.7% and 68.2%, respectively. The correspondingupper and lower 90% CI bounds for AUC_(0-∞) (25.5% to 30.1%) and C_(max)(57.9% to 80.3%) were outside the ‘no effect’ range of 80% to 125%,indicating an effect of treatment with rifampin on NBI-98854 AUC_(0-∞)and C_(max)

PK parameters for NBI-98782 after treatment with NBI-98854 alone or incombination with rifampin are summarized below.

NBI-98854 (80 mg) + Parameter NBI-98854 (80 mg) Rifampin (600 mg)Statistic (N = 11) (N = 11) AUC₀₋₂₄ (ng × hr/mL) Mean (SD) 364 (90.9)115 (32.3) Geometric CV % 24.0 25.0 AUC_(0-tlast) (ng × hr/mL) Mean (SD)665 (193) 153 (43.9) Geometric CV % 26.0 23.7 AUC_(0-∞) (ng × hr/mL)Mean (SD) 689 (203) 156 (43.9) Geometric CV % 26.5 23.2 C_(max) (ng/mL)Mean (SD) 21.5 (4.60) 11.2 (5.83) Geometric CV % 22.6 44.8 t_(max) (hr)Median (min, max) 4.0 (0.52, 18) 3.0 (0.50, 4.0) T_(lag) (hr) Mean (SD)0.25 (0.16) 0.23 (0.075) t_(1/2) (hr) Mean (SD) 19 (2.3) 12 (1.7)Geometric CV % 13   15   MRT (hr) Mean (SD) 28 (3.8) 17 (2.5) GeometricCV % 14   15  

Mean C for NBI-98782 after treatment with NBI-98854 plus rifampin wasapproximately 50% lower than that after treatment with NBI-98854 alone.Mean AUC_(0-∞) for NBI-98782 after treatment with NBI-98854 incombination with rifampin was approximately 80% lower than that aftertreatment with NBI-98854 alone. Median t_(max) values were similar aftertreatment with NBI-98854 plus rifampin (3.0 hours) and NBI-98854 alone(4.0 hours) and mean t_(1/2) was lower after treatment with NBI-98854plus rifampin than after treatment with NBI-98854 alone (12 and 19hours, respectively).

The variability in PK (ie, geometric CV %) for NBI-98782 after treatmentwith NBI-98854 alone and in combination with rifampin was generallysimilar for AUC₀₋₂₄, AUC_(tlast), f/₂, and MRT; but was higher forC_(max) after NBI-98854 in combination with rifampin.

Geometric mean ratios for AUC_(0-∞) and C_(max) for NBI-98782 afteradministration of NBI-98854 in combination with rifampin compared withNBI-98854 alone were 22.8% and 48.5%, respectively. The correspondingupper and lower 90% CI bounds for AUC_(0-∞) (20.5% to 25.4%) and C_(max)(41.3% to 56.9%) were outside the ‘no effect’ range of 80% to 125%,indicating an effect of treatment with rifampin on NBI-98782 AUC_(0-∞)and C_(max).

The mean NBI-136110 plasma concentration versus time profiles forNBI-98854 alone or in combination with rifampin are presented below.

NBI-98854 (80 mg) + Parameter NBI-98854 (80 mg) Rifampin (600 mg)Statistic (N = 11) (N = 11) AUC₀₋₂₄ (ng × hr/mL) Mean (SD) 963 (271) 554(133) Geometric CV % 39.8 22.3 AUC_(0-tlast) (ng × hr/mL) Mean (SD) 1890(451) 658 (166) Geometric CV % 28.3 22.4 AUC_(0-∞) (ng × hr/mL) Mean(SD) 2080 (463) 663 (166) Geometric CV % 24.0 22.3 C_(max) (ng/mL) Mean(SD) 59.8 (16.9) 81.5 (24.6) Geometric CV % 45.7 29.6 t_(max) (hr)Median (min, max) 3.0 (2.0, 8.0) 1.5 (0.75, 2.1) T_(lag) (hr) Mean (SD)0.23 (0.14) 0.16 (0.13) t_(1/2) (hr) Mean (SD) 27 (6.7) 12 (3.0)Geometric CV % 21   23   MRT (hr) Mean (SD) 39 (11) 12 (1.5) GeometricCV % 23   13  

Mean C was approximately 1.4-fold higher after treatment with NBI-98854in combination with rifampin than that after treatment with NBI-98854alone. Mean AUC_(0-∞) for NBI-136110 after treatment with NBI-98854 incombination with rifampin was approximately 70% lower than that aftertreatment with NBI-98854 alone. Median t_(max) was 1.5 hours shorter(1.5 hours versus 3.0 hours) after treatment with NBI-98854 incombination with rifampin than that after treatment with NBI-98854alone. Mean t_(1/2) for NBI-136110 after treatment with NBI-98854 incombination with rifampin was approximately 40% shorter than that aftertreatment with NBI-98854 alone. The variability in PK (ie, geometric CV%) for NBI-136110 after treatment with NBI-98854 alone and incombination with rifampin was generally similar for AUC_(tlast) and f/₂;but was lower for AUC₀₋₂₄, MRT, and C_(max) after NBI-98854 incombination with rifampin.

Geometric mean ratios for AUC_(0-∞) and C_(max) for NBI-136110 afteradministration of NBI-98854 in combination with rifampin compared withNBI-98854 alone were 31.9% and 139.5%, respectively. The 90% CI forAUC_(0-∞) (28.9% to 35.2%) and C_(max) (112.3% to 173.3%) were outsidethe “no effect” range of 80% to 125%, indicating an effect of treatmentwith rifampin on NBI-136110 AUC_(0-∞) and C_(max).

Concomitant administration of NBI-98854 and rifampin led to anapproximate 30% decrease in C_(max) and an approximate 70% decrease inAUC_(0-∞) of NBI-98854 compared with administration of NBI-98854 alone.The 90% CI for the geometric mean ratios (57.9% to 80.3% for C_(max) and25.5% to 30.1% for AUC_(0-∞)) were outside the ‘no effect’ range of 80%to 125% indicating an effect of treatment with rifampin on NBI-98854AUC_(0-∞) and C_(max). Mean t_(1/2) of NBI-98854 decreased from 16 to 10hours when NBI-98854 was administered with rifampin. This decrease inNBI-98854 C_(max) and AUC is consistent with in vitro data that suggestsa significant role of rifampin-inducible CYP enzymes (eg, CYP3A4) in themetabolism of NBI-98854.

Concomitant administration of NBI-98854 and rifampin also led to anapproximate 50% decrease in C_(max) and an approximate 80% decrease inAUC_(0-∞) of an active metabolite NBI-98782 compared with administrationof NBI-98854 alone. The 90% CI for the geometric mean ratios wereoutside the ‘no effect’ range of 80% to 125%. Mean t_(1/2) of NBI-98782decreased from 19 to 12 hours when NBI-98854 was administered withrifampin. This decrease in NBI-98782 C_(max) and AUC could be due to itsdecreased formation because of reduced bioavailability of NBI-98854and/or increased metabolism of NBI-98782 by rifampin-inducible CYPenzymes (eg, CYP3A4).

For the metabolite NBI-136110, mean C_(max) increased 1.4-fold; however,mean AUC_(0-∞) decreased approximately 70% after treatment withNBI-98854 plus rifampin compared with administration of NBI-98854 alone.The 90% CI for the geometric mean ratio was outside the ‘no effect’range of 80% to 125%. Mean t_(1/2) of NBI-136110 decreased from 27 to 12hours when NBI-98854 was administered with rifampin. The increase inC_(max) of NBI-136110 is consistent with the in vitro data, whichsuggests that CYP3A4 is involved in the conversion of NBI-98854 toNBI-136110. Additionally, the decrease AUC_(0-∞) of NBI-136110 providesevidence that NBI-136110 is further metabolized by rifampin-inducibleCYP enzymes (eg, CYP3A4).

Safety

Safety was assessed based on adverse events (AEs), clinical laboratorytests, vital signs, physical examinations, and electrocardiograms(ECGs).

Statistical Methods: Plasma concentrations of NBI-98854, itsmetabolites, NBI-98782 and NBI-136110, and rifampin were summarized withdescriptive statistics and in figures. An analysis of variance (ANOVA)model was used to compare AUC_(0-∞) and C_(max) for NBI-98854administered with rifampin (“test”) versus AUC_(0-∞) and C_(max) forNBI-98854 alone (“reference”). The PK parameters for metabolites ofNBI-98854 and rifampin were also evaluated. Safety data were summarizedusing descriptive statistics.

Safety Results

No deaths, serious or severe treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs),or discontinuations due to an AE were reported in this study. All 12subjects (100%) experienced chromaturia after beginning rifampin.Chromaturia is a known side effect of rifampin. The other mostfrequently reported AE was headache (3 subjects, 25.0%).

There were no important differences in the number and types of AEsreported across treatments, with the exception of chromaturia. Therewere no clinically significant changes in clinical laboratory testresults, vital sign measurements, or ECG parameters during the study andno clinically important differences were noted across groups. Mostsubjects had normal physical examinations during the study and none ofthe abnormal findings were considered clinically significant. There wereno important changes in body weight from baseline to the final visit. Nosubject had a corrected QT interval using Fridericia's formula (QTcF)interval >450 msec or a maximum increase from baseline >30 msec.

The number and percentage of subjects who experienced TEAEs aresummarized by treatment below.

Number and Percentage of Subjects Who Experienced a Treatment- EmergentAdverse Event (Safety Analysis Set) NBI-98854 Rifampin NBI-98854 (80mg) + (80 mg)^(a) (600 mg)^(b) Rifampin (600 mg)^(c) N = 12 N = 12 N =11 Preferred Term n (%) n (%) n (%) Overall  6 (50.0) 12 (100)  1 (9.1)Abdominal pain 1 (8.3) 0 0 Abdominal pain upper 0 1 (8.3) 1 (9.1)Non-cardiac chest pain 0 1 (8.3) 0 Vessel puncture site 1 (8.3) 0 0haemorrhage Arthropod bite 1 (8.3) 0 0 Headache  3 (25.0) 0 1 (9.1)Hypoaesthesia 0 0 1 (9.1) Paraesthesia 0 1 (8.3) 0 Chromaturia 0 12(100)  0 ^(a)Onset on or after the first dose (Day 1) of NBI-98854 butprior to the first dose of rifampin ^(b)Onset on or after the first doseof rifampin but prior to the Day 11 dose of NBI-98854 plus rifampin^(c)Onset on or after the Day 11 dose of NBI-98854 plus rifampin Note:Subjects may have more than one TEAE per system organ class or preferredterm.

Conclusions

The major metabolic clearance pathways for NBI-98854 are esterhydrolysis to form an active metabolite NBI-98782 and mono-oxidation toform NBI-136110. In vitro studies have indicated the hydrolysis ofNBI-98854 to form NBI-98782 can occur both enzymatically (via esterases)and non-enzymatically (via chemical hydrolysis), whereas CYP3A4/5 is themajor enzyme involved in the oxidative metabolism of NBI-98854. Theoxidative metabolism of the metabolite NBI-98782 is mediated primarilyby CYP2D6 with contribution from CYP3A4/5 (and possibly other enzymes).Given the role of CYP enzymes in the metabolism and elimination ofNBI-98854, pleiotropic CYP inducer like rifampin would be expected todecrease the systemic exposure to NBI-98854 and its metabolites.

The data from the present study provided clinical data demonstratingthat concomitant administration of NBI-98854 and rifampin results indecrease in systemic exposure to NBI-98854, which is consistent with asignificant role of inducible CYP enzymes (eg, CYP3A4) in the metabolismof NBI-98854. Systemic exposure to NBI-98782 was decreased, which couldbe due to (1) reduced bioavailability of NBI-98854 and/or (2) increasedmetabolism of NBI-98782 by rifampin-inducible CYP enzymes (eg, CYP3A4).The effect of rifampin on NBI-136110 exposure measures was characterizedby an increase in C_(max), but a decrease in AUC. The increase inC_(max) of NBI-136110 is consistent with the in vitro data whichsuggests that CYP3A4 is involved in the conversion of NBI-98854 toNBI-136110. Induction of this pathway would be expected to increase therate of formation of NBI-136110, as evidenced by an increase in C_(max).Conversely, the decrease in AUC_(0-∞) and t_(1/2) of NBI-136110 providesevidence that NBI-136110 is metabolized and eliminated by hepatic CYPenzymes.

Overall, NBI-98854 was well tolerated in this study. No deaths orserious or severe TEAEs were reported and no subject discontinued thestudy due to a TEAE. There were no clinically significant changes inclinical laboratory test results, vital sign measurements, or ECGparameters during the study.

Concomitant administration of NBI-98854 and rifampin results in adecrease in systemic exposure to NBI-98854 and NBI-98782.

NBI-98854 80 mg was well tolerated in healthy subjects when administeredalone or concomitantly with rifampin.

Example 2: Pharmacologic Characterization of Valbenazine, Tetrabenazine,and Metabolite Thereof

Upon oral administration, TBZ is reduced to form four discrete isomericsecondary alcohol metabolites, collectively referred to asdihydrotetrabenazine (DHTBZ), which contains three asymmetric carboncenters (C-2, C-3, and C-11β), which could hypothetically result ineight stereoisomers. However, because the C-3 and C-11β carbons havefixed relative configurations, only four stereoisomers are possible:(R,R,R-DHTBZ or (+)-α-DHTBZ (alternate nomenclature) or NBI-98782(laboratory nomenclature); S,S,S-DHTBZ or (−)-α-DHTBZ or NBI-98771;S,R,R-DHTBZ or (+)-β-DHTBZ or NBI-98795; and R,S,S-DHTBZ or (−)-β-DHTBZor NBI-98772.

The affinity of each compound was measured by inhibition of [³H]-DHTBZbinding to rat forebrain membranes. The affinities relative toR,R,R-DHTBZ were also calculated and are presented. Data are reported asboth the negative logarithm of the Ki (pKi) for statistical calculationwith the normally distributed binding parameter used to determine themean and SEM. The Ki value was determined from the mean pKi as 10(−pKi).The R,R,R-DHTBZ stereoisomer binds with the highest affinity to both ratand human VMAT2 (Ki=1.0 to 4.2 nM). In comparison, the remaining threeDHTBZ stereoisomers (S,R,R-DHTBZ, S,S,S-DHTBZ, R,S,S-DHTBZ) bind toVMAT2 with a Ki values of 9.7, 250, and 690 nM, respectively.

In Vitro VMAT2 Binding Affinity in Rat Forebrain VMAT2 Affinity K_(i),,pK_(i) mean Relative to Compound nm (SEM) N R,R,R-DHTBZ^(a) R,R,R-DHTBZ4.2 8.38 (0.42) 27 1.0 S,R,R-DHTBZ 9.7 8.01 (0.32) 6 2.3 S,S,S-DHTBZ 2506.60 (0.22) 4 60 R,S,S-DHTBZ 690 6.16 (0.05) 5 160 ^(a)Affinity relativeto R,R,R-DHTBZ was calculated using the K_(i) value determined in thesame study

The primary metabolic clearance pathways of valbenazine (VBZ, NBI-98854)are hydrolysis (to form R,R,R-DHTBZ) and mono-oxidation (to form themetabolite NBI-136110). R,R,R-DHTBZ and NBI-136110, the two mostabundant circulating metabolites of VBZ, are formed gradually and theirplasma concentrations decline with half-lives similar to VBZ.

VBZ and its metabolites, R,R,R-DHTBZ and NBI-136110, were tested fortheir ability to inhibit the binding of [3H]-DHTBZ to VMAT2 in celllines or native tissues. The affinity of each compound was measured byinhibition of [³H]-DHTBZ binding to either human platelets or ratstriatal membranes. The affinities relative to R,R,R-DHTBZ were alsocalculated and are presented. Data are reported as both the negativelogarithm of the K_(i) (pKi) for statistical calculation with thenormally distributed binding parameter used to determine the mean andSEM (n=4 for each compound in each tissue). The K_(i) value wasdetermined from the mean pKi as 10^((-pKi)). The primary metaboliteR,R,R-DHTBZ, was the most potent inhibitor of VMAT2 in rat striatum andhuman platelet homogenates.

In Vitro VMAT2 Binding Affinity of Valbenazine and its Metabolites RatStriatum Human Platelets Affinity Affinity pK_(i) mean Relative topK_(i) mean Relative to Compound K_(i), nm (SEM) R,R,R-DHTBZ K_(i), nm(SEM) R,R,R-DHTBZ Valbenazine 110 6.95 (0.02) 39 150 6.82 (0.02) 45RRR-DHTBZ 1.98 8.70 (0.09) 1.0 3.1 8.52 (0.03) 1.0 NBI-136610 160 6.80(0.02) 57 220 6.65 (0.04) 67

VBZ and NBI-136110 had similar effects on VMAT2 inhibition, but withK_(i) values that were approximately 40-65 times the K_(i) values (loweraffinity) of R,R,R-DHTBZ. These results were corroborated by theradioligand binding assay of DHTBZ stereoisomers (i.e., TBZ metabolites)in the rat forebrain, which also showed R,R,R-DHTBZ to be the mostpotent inhibitor of VMAT2, followed by S,R,R-DHTBZ. Comparatively,S,S,S-DHTBZ and R,S,S-DHTBZ, the other two primary metabolites of TBZ,were found to be poor VMAT2 inhibitors with affinities approximately 60and 160 times weaker than R,R,R-DHTBZ.

The affinity of VBZ and its metabolites R,R,R-DHTBZ and NBI-136110 forother targets beyond VMAT2 was assessed in an extensive Cerep screen ofmultiple classes of protein targets including GPCRs, cell-surfacemonoamine transporters, and ion channels including the cardiac potassiumchannel, human ether-à-go-go-related gene (HERG).

The multi-target activity screen of more than 80 targets for thesecompounds (Cerep screen) demonstrated that VBZ and its metabolites,R,R,R-DHTBZ and NBI-136110, did not inhibit the binding of cognateligands to any of the targets by more than 50% at concentrations of 1-10μM. In contrast, the other three DHTBZ stereoisomers (S,R,R-DHTBZ,S,S,S-DHTBZ, R,S,S-DHTBZ), which are metabolites of TBZ but not VBZ,demonstrated >50% inhibition of ligand binding to a number of receptorsubtypes including serotonin, dopamine and adrenergic receptors. Resultsexpressed as percent of control specific binding: (tested compoundspecific binding/control specific binding)×100. All compounds weretested at 1 or 10 μM final concentration and results are an excerpt of alarger 80 target panel performed as an initial screen at Cerep (n=2 foreach compound at each target). Bolded results (>50%) indicate activityat target receptor.

In Vitro Activity Of Valbenazine And DHTBZ Stereoisomers At Dopamine,Serotonin, And Adrenergic Receptors R,R,R- S,R,R- S,S,S-DHTBZ/ ReceptorTarget Valbenazine DHTBZ DHTBZ R,S,S-DHTBZ^(a) Serotonin5-HT_(1A) 26 1769 96 Serotonin5-HT_(2A) 1 −4 3 84 Serotonin5-HT₇ 4 3 80 98 Dopamine D₁8 −6 −5 82 Dopamine D_(2(s)) 2 6 25 89 ^(a)For purposes of the broadpanel screen, the S,S,S- and R,S,S-metabolites were tested as a 50/50mixture.

To describe the monoamine systems in greater detail, detailedradioligand binding assays were performed for dopamine, serotonin andadrenergic receptor subtypes as well as the transporters for dopamine(DAT), serotonin (SERT), and norepinephrine (NET) for the commonmetabolite of TBZ and VBZ (R,R,R-DHTBZ) and the other relevantmetabolites unique to TBZ and VBZ. This detailed analysis revealed thehigh specificity of R,R,R-DHTBZ for the VMAT2 transporter and thenon-specific activities of the other TBZ metabolites, includingrelatively high affinity for dopamine and serotonin receptor subtypes.Interestingly, the R,R,R-DHTBZ metabolite showed the greatestnon-selectivity with respect to the monoamine receptors. None of the TBZor VBZ metabolites had any affinity for the monoamine transporters DAT,SERT or NET. To complete the selectivity profile for VMAT2, thefunctional activity for the human VMAT1 transporter of these compoundswas tested in cells expressing VMAT1. While the non-selectiveirreversible high-affinity uptake inhibitor of VMAT1, reserpine,substantially inhibited uptake through VMAT1, there was no significantinhibitory activity of TBZ, VBZ, or its metabolites R,R,R-DHTBZ orNBI-136110 at concentrations up to 10 μM. For both VMAT1 and VMAT2,uptake was measured in the untransfected host cells and was found to besimilar to transfected cells in the presence of excess reserpine.

Radioligand binding assays and the broad panel screen indicate that inaddition to varying potency at the VMAT2 transporter, two of the otherDHTBZ metabolites of TBZ (S,S,S-DHTBZ and R,S,S-DHTBZ) interact with D1and D2 receptors. Since VBZ is not metabolized to either of these DHTBZstereoisomers, its effects on postsynaptic dopamine receptors eitherdirectly or indirectly through the metabolites are non-existent.

Moreover, results from the broad panel screen indicate that VBZ and itsmajor metabolites (R,R,R-DHTBZ and NBI-136110) have little to noaffinity for more than 80 binding sites, including receptors, monoaminetransporters, and ion channels. This profile suggests a low potentialfor off-target pharmacological effects. In addition, uptake studiesusing TBZ, VBZ and its metabolites, R,R,R-DHTBZ and NBI-136110,confirmed the selectivity of these compounds for VMAT2 as they had nosignificant effect on the uptake of monoamines through VMAT1 compared toreserpine, a known VMAT1/VMAT2 inhibitor.

The selectivity and specificity of VBZ was distinctively demonstratedusing two in vivo surrogate measures of pharmacological effects. Ptosis,known to occur via adrenergic activation and prolactin release from thepituitary, modulated through the D2 dopamine receptor, demonstrated thedifference between treatment with TBZ and VBZ. TBZ, VBZ and R,R,R-DHTBZinduced ptosis in an equivalent manner. This confirms that themetabolites formed by dosing TBZ or VBZ, or dosing of the activemetabolite itself (R,R,R-DHTBZ) all have activity at VMAT2 affectingpresynaptic monoamine release, in this case, related to norepinephrinerelease specifically to induce ptosis. Following similar treatment, butthis time using prolactin release as a surrogate for dopaminergicmodulation, R,R,R-DHTBZ and VBZ (to a lesser extent) induced a similarincrease in serum prolactin levels as TBZ.

The various embodiments described above can be combined to providefurther embodiments. All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent applicationpublications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patentapplications and non-patent publications referred to in thisspecification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet areincorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of theembodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of thevarious patents, applications and publications to provide yet furtherembodiments.

These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of theabove-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, theterms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specificembodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should beconstrued to include all possible embodiments along with the full scopeof equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, theclaims are not limited by the disclosure.

1-78. (canceled)
 79. A method of ameliorating one or more symptoms of aneurological or psychiatric disease or disorder in a patient, whereinthe patient is also being administered a strong cytochrome P450 3A4(CYP3A4) inducer, comprising: discontinuing the administration of thestrong CYP3A4 inducer, and then orally administering to the patient avesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor chosen from(S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, thereby avoidingthe concomitant use of the VMAT2 inhibitor with the strong CYP3A4inducer.
 80. The method of claim 79, wherein the strong CYP3A4 induceris chosen from nevirapine, pentobarbital, phenytoin, lumacaftor,rifabutin, rifampin, carbamazepine, fosphenytoin, phenobarbital,primidone, enzalutamide, mitotane, and St. John's Wort.
 81. The methodof claim 79, wherein the strong CYP3A4 inducer is chosen from rifampin,carbamazepine, phenytoin, and St. John's Wort.
 82. The method of claim79, wherein the strong CYP3A4 inducer is rifampin.
 83. The method ofclaim 79, wherein the VMAT2 inhibitor is administered in the form of acapsule.
 84. The method of claim 79, wherein the neurological orpsychiatric disease or disorder is a hyperkinetic movement disorder. 85.The method of claim 84, wherein the hyperkinetic movement disorder istardive dyskinesia.
 86. The method of claim 84, wherein the hyperkineticmovement disorder is chorea.
 87. The method of claim 86, wherein thehyperkinetic movement disorder is chorea associated with Huntington'sdisease.
 88. The method of claim 79, wherein the VMAT2 inhibitor is apharmaceutically acceptable salt of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester.
 89. The method of claim 79, wherein the VMAT2 inhibitor is aditosylate salt of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester.
 90. The method of claim 79, wherein the ditosylate salt of(S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester is in polymorphic Form I.
 91. The method of claim 79, wherein thetherapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to about 40 mgas measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester free base once daily for one week, and an amount equivalent toabout 80 mg as measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester free base once daily after one week.
 92. The method of claim 79,wherein the therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent toabout 40 mg as measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester free base once daily.
 93. The method of claim 79, wherein thetherapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to about 60 mgas measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester free base once daily.
 94. The method of claim 79, wherein thetherapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to about 80 mgas measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester free base once daily.
 95. A method of ameliorating one or moresymptoms of a neurological or psychiatric disease or disorder in apatient, comprising: (a) orally administering to the patient atherapeutically effective amount of a vesicular monoamine transporter 2(VMAT2) inhibitor chosen from (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; (b) subsequentlydetermining that the patient is being administered a strong cytochromeP450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inducer; (c) discontinuing the administration of thestrong CYP3A4 inducer; and (d) continuing the administration of theVMAT2 inhibitor.
 96. The method of claim 95, wherein the strong CYP3A4inducer is chosen from rifampin, carbamazepine, phenytoin, and St.John's Wort.
 97. The method of claim 95, wherein the strong CYP3A4inducer is rifampin.
 98. The method of claim 95, wherein theneurological or psychiatric disease or disorder is a hyperkineticmovement disorder.
 99. The method of claim 98, wherein the hyperkineticmovement disorder is tardive dyskinesia.
 100. The method of claim 98,wherein the hyperkinetic movement disorder is chorea.
 101. The method ofclaim 100, wherein the hyperkinetic movement disorder is choreaassociated with Huntington's disease.
 102. The method of claim 95,wherein the VMAT2 inhibitor is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of(S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester.
 103. The method of claim 102, wherein the VMAT2 inhibitor is aditosylate salt of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester.
 104. The method of claim 95, wherein the therapeuticallyeffective amount is an amount equivalent to about 40 mg as measured by(S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester free base once daily for one week, and an amount equivalent toabout 80 mg as measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester free base once daily after one week.
 105. The method of claim 95,wherein the therapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent toabout 40 mg as measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester free base once daily.
 106. The method of claim 95, wherein thetherapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to about 60 mgas measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester free base once daily.
 107. The method of claim 95, wherein thetherapeutically effective amount is an amount equivalent to about 80 mgas measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester free base once daily.
 108. A method of ameliorating one or moresymptoms of a neurological or psychiatric disease or disorder in apatient, wherein the patient is being administered a strong cytochromeP450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inducer, comprising: discontinuing the administrationof the strong CYP3A4 inducer; and then orally administering once dailyto the patient a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor,which is a ditosylate salt of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester, in an amount equivalent to about 40 mg as measured by(S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester free base for one week, and an amount equivalent to about 80 mg asmeasured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester free base after one week, thereby avoiding the concomitant use ofthe VMAT2 inhibitor with the strong CYP3A4 inducer; and wherein thepatient has not been administered the VMAT 2 inhibitor prior to thediscontinuation of the strong CYP3A4 inducer.
 109. The method of claim108, wherein the neurological or psychiatric disease or disorder is ahyperkinetic movement disorder.
 110. The method of claim 109, whereinthe hyperkinetic movement disorder is tardive dyskinesia.
 111. Themethod of claim 109, wherein the hyperkinetic movement disorder ischorea.
 112. The method of claim 111, wherein the hyperkinetic movementdisorder is chorea associated with Huntington's disease.
 113. A methodof ameliorating one or more symptoms of a neurological or psychiatricdisease or disorder in a patient, wherein the patient is beingadministered a strong cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inducer, comprising:discontinuing the administration of the strong CYP3A4 inducer; and thenorally administering once daily to the patient a vesicular monoaminetransporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor, which is a ditosylate salt of(S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester, in an amount chosen from about 40 mg, about 60 mg, and about 80mg as measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester free base, thereby avoiding the concomitant use of the VMAT2inhibitor with the strong CYP3A4 inducer; and wherein the patient hasnot been administered the VMAT 2 inhibitor prior to the discontinuationof the strong CYP3A4 inducer.
 114. The method of claim 113, wherein theneurological or psychiatric disease or disorder is a hyperkineticmovement disorder.
 115. The method of claim 114, wherein thehyperkinetic movement disorder is tardive dyskinesia.
 116. The method ofclaim 114, wherein the hyperkinetic movement disorder is chorea. 117.The method of claim 116, wherein the hyperkinetic movement disorder ischorea associated with Huntington's disease.
 118. A method ofameliorating one or more symptoms of a neurological or psychiatricdisease or disorder in a patient, comprising: (a) orally administeringonce daily to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of avesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor, which is aditosylate salt of (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester, in an amount chosen from about 40 mg, about 60 mg, and about 80mg as measured by (S)-2-amino-3-methyl-butyric acid(2R,3R,11bR)-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-ylester free base; (b) subsequently determining that the patient is beingadministered a strong cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inducer; (c)discontinuing the administration of the strong CYP3A4 inducer; and (d)continuing the administration of the VMAT2 inhibitor, thereby avoidingthe concomitant use of the VMAT2 inhibitor with the strong CYP3A4inducer.
 119. The method of claim 118, wherein the neurological orpsychiatric disease or disorder is a hyperkinetic movement disorder.120. The method of claim 119, wherein the hyperkinetic movement disorderis tardive dyskinesia.
 121. The method of claim 119, wherein thehyperkinetic movement disorder is chorea.
 122. The method of claim 121,wherein the hyperkinetic movement disorder is chorea associated withHuntington's disease.